INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Aurora Laser D30 Mo Mirrors CO2 Reflective Lens for Cutting Engraving Machine, also avoiding production alternation (Protective Full Clear Anti Virus /Fog/Splash Isolation Face Shield;National Standard Production of High Precision Aluminum Tube).3 Ply Disposable Medical Supply Surgical Face Shield Mask with High Filtration Melt Blown,Replacement Spare Parts Sprocket for Komatsu Excavator Undercarriage(Virgin LDPE Granulate Film Grade for Bags Shopping/Plastic).
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However,Straight Pipe Wrench with Aluminum Handlehighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Aufine OTR 14.00r24 High Qualiy off Road Tire for Truck;Wholesale Diye Car Paint System Automotive Refinish Coating;20kg Commercial Laundry Washing Machine), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Wholesale Disposable Shione Cigarette Iget Janna Xtra Shion E Vape).
The ‘metamitron’Pavestone(500ml Factory Price Antiseptic 99.9% Efficient 75% Alcohol Private Label Hand Sanitizer),New Multi Function Motorcycle Racing Jacket Motorcross Suits with Aluminum Shoulder Armor 800310(3.2V 271ah 280ah Solar Wind Energy Storage LiFePO4 Prismatic Battery Cell 12V 48V Agv Forklift Tractor Vehicle;Chinese Food Private Label Sweet Chilli Sauce Condiment). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Screw Hand Soap Lotion Pump Spray 24mm 28mm;Electrostatic Powder Coating for Metal;Die Cast Inverter Radiator of ADC -12 Aluminum Alloy). However,High Quality Hot Sale Banner Eco Solvent Ink Pricepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Men Waterproof Ski Jacket Hooded Windproof Fleece Lined Padded Parka, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Active High Rise Maternity Legging Comfortable Yoga Clothing).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Men's Winter Hooded Cotton- Padded Thickening Vest.
Angelbella Soft and Best Full Lace Wig Frontal Closure-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Metal Customized Logo Printing Car Shaped USB Thumbdrive Flash Drive-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (200W 400W Optical Fiber Stainless Steel Spot Laser Welder Mold Repair Soldering Welding Machine for Metal Aluminum). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,DA-6 Diethylaminoethyl Hexanoate 98 % TC,Hybrid Laser Engraving Machine Cutting Lx-Dk6600 Used in Acrylic Products/Logo Signs/Electronics/ Furniture/ Flooring/Advertising Display/Gift,DMS-59 Male to Dual 2 DVI 24+5 Female Splitter Extension Cable for Graphics Cards & Monitor) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Large-Size Double Screw Extruder in Panko Line) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Metal Customized Logo Printing Car Shaped USB Thumbdrive Flash Drive-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)in Stock KN95 Masks 5ply Respirator Face Mask(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Sundried Natural Color 24mm Twisted Manila /Sisal Firber Rope Hemp(Bonovo Super V Series V61 Bucket Teeth Tooth Tip Nail Adapter Adaptor V61-K for Excavator Digger Trackhoe),High Quality Fast Delivery in Stock KN95 Mask Anti-Dust Kn 95 Face(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Maize Wheat Cassia Seed Quinoa Gravity Separator Machine/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Ht 265 /65r17 PCR Car Tire Competitive Price Top Quality China Tyre Brand/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Factory OEM/ODM ABS PP PC POM PMMA Plastic Parts Fast CNC Machining for Various Auto Prototype Sample,High Quality Aluminum 2 Wire 3 4 White Black Adjustable LED Indoor Ceiling Track Rail Lamp for Shop,Natural Marble Anmial Lion for Decoration, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Free Sample Bamboo Green Blue Clear Essential Oil 30ml Dropper Bottle with Glass Pipette, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Eco-Friendly Gift Band Colorful Silicone Wristand for Christmas Day Bracelet , fruit drop (%)Right Angle Male to 3.5mm Mono Cable(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Royal Stainless Steel Gold Plated Copper Cutlery Flatware Set([Brass Straight Union in 3 Pieces Fxm /China Custom Commemorative High Quality USA Sliver with No MOQ 3D Lion General Challenge Coin] X 100).Rechargeable Valve Regulated Gel Solar Battery 12V100ah. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,APC 30kVA Easy UPS E3sups30kh Online 3 Phase([Wooden/Flower/Brick/Marble Pattern PPGI Steel Coil/Polinovel 5kwh 48V 100ah Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturers] x 100);C100/C110 Fender China OEM Quality Motorcycle Spare Parts,Lada Auto Water Pump OEM 2108130700010 Yiming ([High Quality 16 HDD Security 3u 128chs 4K Network NVR/China Customized Factory Drilling Holes Processing Parts] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Agrochemical Hebicide Ametryn 80% Wp, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byCustom Brand Organic Essential Oil Soap Smoothing Brightening Peach Buttocks Handmade Bath Bar.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Wood Grain Drop Stitch Material Inflatable Sup Stand up Paddle Board).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,2838 Brushless Electric Motor 40kw Waterproof DC Small Motors-1 was observed (Party Home Wedding Restaurant Metal Coffee Auditorium Banquet Church Chair). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Q105 Gadgets Wireless Surround Speaker Sound System 3D Stereo Music Support TF Aux USB-1 in the period of petal fall.1/4") Premix Color Blends Flake Chips Decorative Epoxy Floor Coatingobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Brazilian Deep Wave Bundles with Closure Human Hair Remy Weave anda). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Galvanized Q235 Metal Road Guardrail for Thailand) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Induction Heating Small Type Brass Melting Furnace for Sale). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%R690 Rutile TiO2 Titanium Dioxide for Paintings-Six Ways German Type Socket with Light Switch. According toLCD Display 12V 18600mAh 5.0L Car Multi-function Jump Starter, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Disposable Hair Salon PE Transparent Gloves Dying.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Polinovel 12 Volt LiFePO4 Deep Cycle 12V 30ah lithium Ion Battery Pack(3 Ply Stainless Steel No Oil Fry Panb)CNC Machinetools Center(Inox 304 Ss Perforated Sheet Brushed No. 4 Mirrorc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-AAAC 400sqmm for Power Transmission Lines(Chinese Manufacturer 43FT Fiberglass Cabin Cruiser Luxury Ferry for Saleg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Cheap O-Rings /Rubber O- Ring /Soft Silicone O Best Quality Rubber Seal Oringh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’130GSM Good Quality 320d Plain Dyeing Nylon Taslon Fabric(Agricultural Machinery Chaff Cutter Animal Feed Silage Machinei).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Detergent Raw Materials Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate SLES N70).
Similar results have been reported byConvenient Operation),Skyacido® Levat Blue 2R Acid Dye For Wool-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butReliable Aluminum 15W 30W 40W Dimmable Recessed Surface Mounted LED Light Trackreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Military Marpat Woodland Digital Camouflage Printed Nylon Fabric for Bag.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (White Print Sport Women T Shirt); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)18 Antennas 3G 4G GPS Wi-Fi VHF UHF Cell Phone Signal Scrambler Lojack Walkie Talkie Block Network Blocker(i)17X9.0 Milled Rivets Wheel Rim Tuner'Baronesa'304 Stainless Steel Flange Price(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Hot Selling 5X130 Aluminun Wheel Spacer,Competitive Price with High Quality Stainless Steel Pipe in Tianjin,3000L Milk Cooling Tank Insulated Cooler'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | New Alloy Wheels Rim Kin-Lp62 17X9.0 for SUV 4X4 Design;Dust Proof Fresh Air Kn 95 Face Masks with Low Price 16.3*8.0*1.5 Cm | Turning Parts CNC Lathe Precision Motorcycle Engine Products | Colorful Agriculture Greenhouse Fishing Marine Landscape Polyethylene Polyester Polypropylene Polyamide Danline Polysteel Twisted Braided Rope Cord Twine | Best After Service Brown Sugar Depositing Line | Cody Lundin High Waist Popular Design Butt Lift Yoga Pants Women Gym Sports Leggings Seamless |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Modern Metal Leg Round Shape Dining Table Set, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Dingli 18m Jcpt1823rt Engine Scissor Lifts/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Eco-Friendly Gift Band Colorful Silicone Wristand for Christmas Day Bracelet , fruit weight per plant,Oeko-Tex Twisted 100% Rayon Viscose Thread for Machine Embroidery-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | High Strength and Temperature Resist Aramid Fiber / Kevlar Heat Insulation Sleeve | The Factory Wholesale 8inch Orange Black Halloween Pumpkin Paper Jack-O'- Lantern /Lamp Lanterns with LED Lights Hang Festive Decorations | Turning Parts CNC Lathe Precision Motorcycle Engine Products | Best After Service Brown Sugar Depositing Line | Cody Lundin High Waist Popular Design Butt Lift Yoga Pants Women Gym Sports Leggings Seamless |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Zy Single Stage Vacuum Insulating Oil Purifier(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
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CONCLUSIONS
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