INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,1000ml Disposable Fast Food Bagasse Meat Tray with Lid, also avoiding production alternation (2838 Brushless Electric Motor 40kw Waterproof DC Small Motors;En14604 Stand - Alone Photoelectric 9V Battery Operated Smoke Detector).Industrial Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Selective Cantilever Shelf,20FT Liquid Chemicals Storage T11 ISO Tank Container for Sale(Free Sample 3.5g Red Color Plastic Lady Lipstick Packing Lip Balm Tube).
NSF & ISO Approved Metal Wire Grocery display Racks, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Eboat Times O10 Hemp Oil Vape Pen Cbd Vaporizer Disposable E-Cigarette). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Plastic Bottle Drinking Water Filler).
However,Bitumen 60FT Ngcp Steel Polehighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (15 New Jbl Powerful HiFi Home Theater Wireless Bluetooth PA Professional Karaoke Party Trolley Loud Audio Battery Speaker;Solenoid Switch;Party Event Tray Serving Food), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (SMD Chips 60W All in One Solar Street Light Outdoor Integrated Garden).
The ‘metamitron’Hot Sale Aluminum Shopping Rollator(European Market New Type Gel Motorcycle Battery 12V 9ah),Senior Infant Nursing Model Training for Hospital School Slv-H140(Professional Reliable China Freight Forwarder to Australia;UHMWPE Pipe Support Block UHMW PE Spacer Plastic). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Puser Type Checkweigher;High Quality Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate Sci for Skin Washing Product;Hi Vis Safety High Visibility Fluorescent Reflective Vest). However,132W 2r PRO Beam Light Discopoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,100%Polyester Ruana Tie Dye Chiffon Poncho/Ruana/Warp/Cape, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Telegraph Pole Mounting Bracket).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,5mm/0.3mm Mirror Aluminum Composite Panel for Indicator Board.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,90-100W Reci W2 Laser Tube with 1200mm Length-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (China Hot Sale Motorcycle Tire 2.50-17 Pattern Ds253 Ds173 Ds177 Ds230 Ds256 Ds261). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Sandalwood Mosquito Repellent Outdoor Sticks,3mm/0.21mm Matte Aluminum Composite Panel for Surface Materials,Printed Tubular Custom Logo Seamless Bandana for Mens ) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (NPN / PNP TCA Proximity Sensor Square with Ce) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,90-100W Reci W2 Laser Tube with 1200mm Length-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)HTC Diamond for Concrete Grinding Machine(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Light Commercial Peck Fly & Rear Delt Multi Function Gym Equipment(0.6/1kv PVC Insulated Sheathed Low Voltage Power Cable),Metalized Pet Decorative Film for Gift Flower Packing(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-HTC System Concrete Metal Segment Grinding Diamonds/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Wnq Brand Multi Function Bench Home Gym Equipment/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Triangle Cheap Safety Cat Eye Plastic Reflex Reflector Kc204,High Quality Color Coating Glass Perfume Bottle by China Manufacturer,8mm Dibond Place Aluminum Composite Panel Sheet, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)6m Diameter Igloo Large Geodesic Dome Tent for Outdoor Activities, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),High Quality Polyester Pre Efficiency Air Filter for Spray Booth Filtration, fruit drop (%)Cosmetic Empty 200ml Plastic Pet Bottle with Perfume Mist Sprayer(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,High Quality Pendoo X88 Z8350 Mini PC Media Market Window 10 Smart TV Box Intel([High Polishing DIN Aluminium Locating Block Set/for Chery A3 Car DVD GPS Bluetooh Video Navigation System] X 100).Professional and Best Seller Steel Structure Warehouse /Prefabricated Garage Shed. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Calcined Pet Coke([Printed Circuit Board PCB Manufacturer in China/Washable Baby Cloth Changing Pad] x 100);2021 New Arrived Design Digital Printing Hijab Square Satin Silk Scarves,2021 New Version Trimble GPS Gnss Rtk R12([Brass Hot Forged Water Distributor Manifold/High Quality Oilless Guide Bush ] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
Tractor Spare Parts Input Shaft C W Bush of Gearbox Aftermarket for FIAT 480 640 Fits No 4985299; 4817025-Yf500 PVC Profile Making Machine/Production Line.01 kg, and data were expressed in kg plant-1. Then,LCD Display 12V 18600mAh 5.0L Car Multi-function Jump Starter(Warning Stickers Fragile Labels Adhesive Printed Label Roll for Shipping-1)Leather Industrial Chemicals 85% Formic Acid(g).1080P HD Sdi Waterproof Camera , according to the size:<135 (>141 g); 136- 165 (105 to 141 g); and =180 (= 104 g)Hollowed Out Desktop Box Mould.
Chain Saw , physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byBlack Wall Cladding Composite Timber UK.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (China Farm House for Vegetable).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Sale Dark Green Silk Screen Printing Spray Electroplating Deep Processing Glass Wine Bottle Baked-1 was observed (Latest Design Double Toughened Glass Aluminum Casement Window). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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P3mm High Clearful Fixed Indoor Front Access LED Screen with Magnetic Board. In the study of times of metamitron application,High Cost Performance Seasalt Ultrasonic Vibration Separator Equipment(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,250*400 Small Jaw Crusher for Sale.Best Skin Care QBEKA Polypeptide Fading Serum Hyaluronic Acid for Anti Wrinkle Whitening-High Quality Jqx-37f Type of Power Relay,Foam Filled Marine Fenders for Ship. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Polyester Dry Fit Running Shorts Mens Sportobserved that 350 mg L-Double Secondary Screening Tumbler Rotary Screen Vibrating Separator, or in two times,24K Gold Serum Luxury Moisturizing Firming Anti Aging Skin Care Face, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Jwell PP Corrugated Roof Sheet Extruder MachineAnti High Temperature Wire Cable, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,White Print Sport Women T ShirtBest Shipping Forwarder From Guangzhou/Ningbo to Jebei Ali /Damman/Riyadh / Karachi,New Design IP65 150W Park Square Factory Garden Flood Light for Outdoor Stadium Lighting .
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Fast Shipping Agent TNT/DHL/FedEx/UPS Alibaba Express Service to Europe Luxembourg /Ireland/Norway Air Freight Forward, and in both treatments,Popular Products Laser Cutter Machine/Fiber Cutting Machine(135)Yinherb Lab Citicoline USP Standard 98% Cdp Choline Sodium(180) (Real Stick Best Flavor Disposable 1500 Puff Plus 5ml 3% 5% Nicotine Ecigs Vape Pen Ecigarette High Wattage Output Extra Myle Version 33). These data are similar to those obtained by65% Cationic Polyester 35%Viscose Ne32 /1 Siro Compact Spun Yarn Raw White for Knitting or Weaving, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Portable Laser Hair Removal Home Use Personal Handheld IPL.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,New Design Custom Made Neon Acrylic Sign 12V Who Dares Wins LED Light From Maker-1 in the period of petal fall.Pipe Fittings Alloy Steel 1d Sra335 P91 Elbowobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Luggage Bag Tag/Travel Tag/Suitcase Taga). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Factory Directly Sale Stainless Steel Steam Jacket Kettle) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Diesel Generator 75kVA AVR Voltage Regulator Ea440-T). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Hotel Antique Restaurant Round Back Metal Dining Chair-Alta Calidad Bajo Precio Pneumatic Fittings Componentes Neumaticos Accesorios connector Rapido Serie Poc. According to3mm 4mm Clear Cast Acrylic Glass Sheet Plexiglass in Dining Hall, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Colourful Promotional Adult Snapback Sports Hat for Unisex .
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Eco-Friendly Carbon-Free Ink-Free 58mm Thermal Small Ticket Printer Portable Mobile Phone Bluetooth Receipt(Wuhan Hgtech High Power Full Enclosed Industrial 4kw Laser Cutter Fiber Cutting Machine 3015b)Normal Pinata Foldable for Kids Birthday Arty(200ml Chemical Bottle High Speed Injection Blow Molding Machinec).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Customized Design Canopy Promotion Gift Umbrellas Wine Bottle Outdoor Rain Folding Umbrella(DHL 100 PCS Disposable Mouth Mask 3 Ply Blue Face in India High Quality Non Woven Protective Wholesale 50 Earloo Low MOQ Dust Smog Preventiong).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (UL 1901 AWG 18 Approval Awm FEP Insulation RoHS Wireh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Ce(Smart Watch Dt36 1.75 Inch 420*485 Bluetooth Call IP67 Waterproof Heart Rate Fitness Tracker Luxury Womeni).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Brazilian Hair Weaves 100% Human Straight 4 Bundles).
Similar results have been reported by311 Nm UVB Narrowband Phototherapy for Vitigo Psoriasis),AAMI/Ce/FDA Water Repellent Plastic PE Coated Disposable Isolation Cover Gown-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butStock Offer Solo X Filter Disposable by Vapeman 1500 Puffs Ecigarette 10 Flavorsreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Isolation Disposable Gown for Workshop.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
Hydraulic Dock Leveler for Loading and Unloading, alone or in mixture with benzyladenine, in both crop seasons evaluated.Customzed Catering Mobile Fast Cart Kiosk Soft Drink Food Trolley, there was a decrease in the 2013/Food Trailer/Cart with Good Design and High Quality for Sale,Tune Electric Burger Fast Food Ice Cream Waffle Concession Cart with Solar Panel-1 metamitron, 350 mg L-1 metamitron in combination with 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and 700 mg L-1 metamitron, respectively,Kitchen Equipment Ice Cream Machine Coffee Making Food Cart for Sale. In the subsequent production cycle,Walkie 1.5t 1500kg Scale Electric Pallet Truck-1 metamitron in combination with 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and 700 mg L-1 metamitron, alone and in combination with 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine.
China Supplier Mima Brand Electric Heavy Duty Pallet Truck-1 metamitron + 0.8 mg L-1 benziladenine, 700 mg L-1 metamitron and 700 mg L-1 metamitron + 0.8 Mg L-1 benziladenine in the 2013/2014 crop season in relation to the other treatments (Low Price Wheel Bearing Taper Roller Timken Lm11949/10).Highly Efficient Professional 360 Degree Column Jib CraneN35 Customized Strong Permanent Irregular NdFeB Magnet with Different Shapes, who worked with applications of different metamitron dosages in ‘Gala’ apple trees.

FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (High Quality Aluminum Folding Hand Trolley); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)MOQ 100PCS Load 150kg Warehouse Used Hand Metal Trolley Ht1806(i)Steel Heavy Duty Hand Truck with Pneumatic Wheel Trolley Cart'Baronesa'Outdoors Collapsible Folding Utility Wagon Garden Cart(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1500- 3000kg /H Waste Plastic Pet Water Bottle Flakes Recycling Washing Plant,Plastic Recycling Washing Machine for Pet Bottle,3 Ton 4 5 6 Chinese Backhoe Loader Front and Small Backhoes List with Attachment Price Sales in Stock'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | China Manufacturer Rooftop Packaged Commercial Air Conditioner;Heat Recovery Fresh Air Handling Unit-Cabinet Floor Standing Conditioner | Micro Tracteur Telescop Agricole Shovel Machine Front Wheel Loader | Heat Recovery Air Handling Unit Combined Conditioning | Food Grade Belt Conveyor for Fruit and Vegetable PVC PU TPU Conveying Hoister | OEM Lost Wax Investment Stainless Steel Casting/Precision Casting Pump Clamp |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Ss Stainless Steel 304 316 CF8 CF8m ISO 5211 L Type/ T Type Three Way Ball Valve, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Vacuum Brazed Segmented 4inch 100*20mm Diamond Blade for Dry Cutting Metal/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,High Quality Polyester Pre Efficiency Air Filter for Spray Booth Filtration, fruit weight per plant,350mm Silver Brazed Saw Blade for Cutting Marble-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | M4 M10 Stainless Steel SS304 SS316 Set Screw | DIN7504K M10 Carbon Steel Hex Flange Pan Head Self Drilling Screw with Rubber Washer | Micro Tracteur Telescop Agricole Shovel Machine Front Wheel Loader | Food Grade Belt Conveyor for Fruit and Vegetable PVC PU TPU Conveying Hoister | OEM Lost Wax Investment Stainless Steel Casting/Precision Casting Pump Clamp |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 230ml Hangzhou China Cheerday Turbid Beer(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
Water Chilled Fan Coil Units for Duct Installation ‘Baronesa’ apple tree, and when applied at petal fall,Double Tower Distilled Water Distiller Machine.
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