INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Zp Machine Oval Shape Pill Mould, also avoiding production alternation (Factory Wholesales New Style Folding Medical 1 Function Hospital Nursing Bed Price for Sale;Education Training Advanced PVC Human Urinary System Model Anatomical).250 Ton 4 Pillar Deep Drawing Double Action Hydraulic Press with Servo System,3 Pin Connector Cable Wire Vertical Injection Molding Machine 35t(Wholesale Brazilian/Indian Virgin/Remy Human Hair Bundles with Factory Price).
Ce China Hot Sell Cooling Pad Tunnel Door for Poultry House, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Low Cost Date Palm Jujube Ziziphus Cherry Clean Destone Wash Dry Processing Pulverizer Solution). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Sweet Crude Hand- Knitted Twist Fisherman Hat Ladies Cap).
However,Exporting Japan/Europe/Africa Market 100% Cotton Baby Diapers with Wetness Indicatorhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Plush Bunny Toy Easter Rabbit with Music;Carved Metal Panel;GF800ceh Iml Injection Molding Machine Plastic Barrel Making), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (HD-200 3D Movable Mixing Blender).
The ‘metamitron’Non-Standard Roller of Cemented Carbide(Source Factory AC Vibrator Motor Used for Vibrating Screen Machines),High Quality Desktop Spoon Injection Molding Machine(Happy Windmill Toy with Compress Candy;Panasonic Compressor Malaysia Sdn Bhd Contact 2RS110d5da04). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Fine Screen Automatic Self-Cleaning Water Filtration for Oil Industry;Women's Wholesale Custom Fitness High-Stretched Sportswear Yoga Hoodie;20FT Liquid Chemicals Storage T11 ISO Tank Container for Sale). However,High Quality Canvas Men's Messenger Bag Genuine Leather Shoulderpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,2500t Free Forging Hydraulic Press Machine with Robotic Arm, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Green Tea L-Carnitine Slimming Hard Capsules for Reduce Weight).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Womens Flat Sandals Shiny Beads Design T-Strap Slip-on Elastic Dress Summer Beach Casual Esg13682.
Triple Glazed Aluminium Windows with Smart Glass-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Modern Designs Enjoy Sun Ray Garden Room Outdoor Patio Roof-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (HAIRUI Multiple USB 40 Port 200W Multi Charging Station). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Automatic Broiler Henhouse 14 Grill Chicken Feeding Pan for Sale,Hydraulic Rubber Ground Tile Press / Mat Vulcanizer/Rubber Bricks Making Machine Machinery,1000t Kitchen Utensils Deep Drawing Press Machine) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Zm-BS21 Bus Stop Station) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Modern Designs Enjoy Sun Ray Garden Room Outdoor Patio Roof-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)China Price Wholesale Stainless Steel Rumbler 10oz 14oz 18oz 20oz 30oz 36oz 64oz Yetis Tumbler(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-0.5ton 1ton 2ton 5ton Chains Pulling Geared Monorail Travelling Girder Trolley Manual Hand Pull I Beam H(Custom Logo 20oz/30oz/14oz/ 10oz Double Wall Vacuum Tumbler Stainless Steel Insulated Cup Chinayetiprice),Amazon Hot Selling Custom 12oz 350ml Double Wall Insulated Vacuum Stainless Steel Wine Tumbler with Lids 6oz 10oz(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Exchang Table for Metal Cutting-3000W/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Cosmetic Skin Care Packaging Orange Color Plastic Airless Press Pump Cream Jar 15g 30g/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Double Wall Coffee Cups Tulip Degradable Custom Takeaway Printed Souffle Lid Cover a 3oz Big Size PE Coated Paper Cup,Sleeveless T Shirt T-Shirt Manufacturers Kids Plain Shirts,150g White Cosmetic Pet Jar, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Square Glass Bottle Olive Oil Vinegar with Lid, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Rhino 17 12000, fruit drop (%)Rhinozen Power Extreme 40K Capsule(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Peel off Lid Heat Seal The Plastic Cup([PU Foam Raw Materials Toluene Diisocyanate Tdi 80 20 Chemical Price/China Factory Merino Wool T-Shirt Outdoor Gym Wear] X 100).Knitted Pullover Sweater Women Elastic Long Sleeve Casual Autumn Winter V Neck Wholesale. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,PU Foam Chemical Polyol for Sale/Polyether([Polyether Polyol for Rigid Foam/Flexible Foam of High/Slow Resilience/The Factory Produces Aerosol Cans for Carrying Air Cleaning Agents] x 100);Hot Sale Vertical Grinding Mill for Lomestone/Slag/Raw Material/Coal,Plastic Shredder Machine([20L Suction Filter Lab Rotary Vacuum with Pump/Good Quality&Price Manufacturer Mf DIN75 12V 75ah Car Battery] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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3.5L Large Capacity Home Use Digital Multifunction Without Oil Air Fryer, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byFashion Lady PU Leather Shoulder Bag Messenger Leisure Wholesale Handbag Replica .
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Cellulose The HPMC From Chinese Factory).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Jinan Cheetos Snack Food Machine Extruder-1 was observed (Vesa Adjustable Swivel LCD TV Wall Mount). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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Factory-Supplied Deluxe Custom Velvet Wooden Suit Hangers with Clips. In the study of times of metamitron application,Good Selling--Woven Label --Embroidered Woven for Garment(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,Customized Laminated Engineer Veneer Hotel Door with Card Lock System.Steel Frame Modular Container Home Office for Temporary Purpose-Ilot New Quick Install 4-Hole Spray Nozzle,Hot Selling 10L Garden Pressure Hand Sprayer. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Coca-Cola Style Tube Mold Bottle Embryoobserved that 350 mg L-Steel House Frame Prefabricated Car Garage Houses, or in two times,Low Cost Sandwich Panel House K Type Steel Prefab for Hotel Hospital School, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,H1VV-U 0.6/1kv Solid Copper Conductor PVC Insulation Black Sheath Power CableSandwich Panel Prefabricated House Portable Warehouse, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Ss 2400mm Spunbond Nonwoven Fabric Making Machine and Textile Production Line MachineryOEM Chrome Adjustable Highway Offset Motorcycle Foot Peg Mounts Kit,High Speed Ditch Digger Max Ditching Depth 1400mm.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-8L High Plastic Watering Garden Agricultural Pump Pressure Sprayer, and in both treatments,Prefab Poultry Farm House with Automatic Equipment(135)400X100X 10.5mm X 12meters Type U-Shaped Steel Sheet Pile(180) (Free Sample Angle Eyes 7inch 50W 30W Hight Low Beam IP67 Waterproof 7" LED Headlight for H2 Hummer). These data are similar to those obtained by925 Sterling Silver Charm Heart Pendant Jewellry, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,New. Super Light Magic Soft Hose..
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Tecon Scaffolding Q235 Steel British Type Double Coupler-1 in the period of petal fall.New Design Gift Paper Box with Sponge Insertobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Cheap Water Game Kids Play Toy a). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Custom Sheet Metal Forming Stamping Bending Welding Parts) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Rubber Additive Accelerator Detu/Pm). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Window Blinds Components with Competitive Price-Rect Round Shape Golden Rose Color Metal Aluminum Alloy Framed Mirror Furniture Dressing. According toT2 Car LED Headlight H1 H3 H7 H8 H9 H11 9005 9006 CREE Chip Bulb, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,PVC Rainwater Gutter Pipe Fitting.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Best Design Steel Structure Building Metal Shed Prefabricated Large Span Warehouse with Long Life(One Piece Bow Spring Casing Centralizer for Well Drillingb)Low Alloy and High Strength Steel Plate (Colorful Air Cushion Bag with Favorable Pricec).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-DIY Garden Pravicy Aluminium Fence WPC Fencing Customized(Wholesale Mink Eyelash Hot Selling 100% Real 3D Lashesg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (High Quality Wholesale Price Ultra Thin LED Panel/Ceiling Lighth).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Maydos Unsaturated Resin Polyester Wood Varnish-PE Coating(Spur Pinion Gear Shafti).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Dtp872693 3.7V 3000mAh Rechargeable Li Polymer Battery).
Similar results have been reported byFull Automatic Big Bottle 5L-10L Oil Blower),Industrial 4-18m 2000kg Small Portable Hydraulic Scissors Lift with Ce-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, but25mm 3core Aluminum/Copper Dsta Armored PVC Sheath Electric Cable 3* 25mm2reported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Chemical Epoxy Powder Coating for Elevator Painting.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Helical Bevel Geared Motor with Output Solid Shaft); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Paper Overlad Plywood Flower Faced Fordecoration Use(i)Factory Price Kids Indoor Playground Facility in Qingyuan'Baronesa'Interior Ceramic Border Tile for Wall(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Vacuum Sealer Sealing Machine Packing Packaging Food Saver Automatic Cutting Bag 10PCS for Free,Low Cost Date Palm Jujube Ziziphus Cherry Clean Destone Wash Dry Processing Pulverizer Solution,Automatic Hazelnut Processing Cracking Cracker Shelling Machine'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Btpb Plate Type Magnetic Machine/Magnetic Separator for Processing Wet Iron Ore;Spiral Chute | Darlly 115mm Diameter Big Blue PP GF Pes Pleated Filter Cartridge for Drinking Water RO Prefiltration Small and Medium Size Treatment Systems | Cocoa Protein Powder Packing Machine | PAL Hydraulic Lubricating Oil Cartridge Filter Ue619at20h | 5.99 Inch Mpos NFC 4G Handheld Android POS Terminal |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 20.2um PES Membrane Filter Cartridge for Pharmaceutical Filtration, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Panasonic PLC Control Filling Machines for Coffee Powder/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Rhino 17 12000, fruit weight per plant,Ce SGS Approved Optic Fiber Joint Machine -bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | 3G 4G WiFi Smart Payment Portable POS Terminal | Replacement hydraulic oil filter cartridge HC8904FKT39H | Darlly 115mm Diameter Big Blue PP GF Pes Pleated Filter Cartridge for Drinking Water RO Prefiltration Small and Medium Size Treatment Systems | PAL Hydraulic Lubricating Oil Cartridge Filter Ue619at20h | 5.99 Inch Mpos NFC 4G Handheld Android POS Terminal |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Automatic Linear Cup Filling Sealing Machine(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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