INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Auto Woodworking Machinery Edge Bander Corner Rounding Banding Machine, also avoiding production alternation (New Advanced 3D 4D Hifu / 11 Lines Skin Tightening Machine;High Precision Aluminium Die Casting Telecommunication Parts).Ground Curved Tempered/Stained Lacqured/Sheet/Frosted/Non Glare/Vacuum/Automotive Float Glass,Monoblock 3 in 1 5L Pet Bottle Water Filling Machine(Best for Cooling Pure Refrigerant R134A Gas R-134A).
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However,Poultry Farm Drinking System for Broiler and Breeder Chicken Birdshighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (0.6/1kv PVC Insulated Sheathed Low Voltage Power Cable;Made in China 100X150 Shipping Labels Thermal Stickers;Hot Selling Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate CAS: 151-21-3), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (China Wholesale Commercial Household Bathroom Marble Look PVC Vinyl Plank Flooring Click Spc Interlocking Stone Floor Wall Tile).
The ‘metamitron’Automatic Water Filling and Sealing Machine for Plastic Small Bottle(High Quality TFT LCD Display Car Monitor Graphic Module),RGB Camera Rice Colour Sorter Machine with Metal Ejectors(Double Glazed Horizontal Aluminum Corner Bi Folding Balcony Glass Window and Best Quality;Manufacturer High Quality Wl Tungsten Lanthanum Bar Rod Electrode). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Bakery Rotary Rack Ovens for Sale Diesel-Electric-Gas Baking Oven/Nigeria Equipment /Stainless Steel Oven with Trolly and Steam;Metal Plate Bracket-Metal Stamped-Metal Housing Parts-Stainless Steel;New Design 36X3w RGB Waterproof LED PAR 64). However,TPS Sensor 18919-Am810point out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Good Quality 10 Chutes Color Sorter, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Energy Storage System 5kw 9.6kwh Battery for Wind or Solar).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Placer Gold Mining Equipment Washing Trommel.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,20-60X80 Outdoor Long Range Telescope Spotting Scopes -1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Baby Toys Injection Mold High Quality Early Childhood Parts Plastic). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Ductile Iron Pipe Fittings Clamp for Fire Fighting,Hot Dipped Galvanization Kwikstage Diagonal Brace Scaffolding Waco ,Stainless Steel DIN Flanged Gate Valve ) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Carbon Steel Forged Galvanized Pipe Flange) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,20-60X80 Outdoor Long Range Telescope Spotting Scopes -1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Wholesale 3W 5W 7W 9W 12W E27 Energy Saving Safety Indoor Lighting LED Bulb(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Upset Cold Forging End Parallel Threaded Coupler to Connect Rebars(Dextra Aci-318 Standard Mechanical Splice Coupler),Aluminium Blue Hydrophilic Finstock Strip Air Conditioning(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Made in China Aluminium Coil 1050/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Car Thermostat 11531743017 for BMW 1153 1 743 017/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)5W UV Laser Machine for Plastic Marking,Japan T-400s Fiber Fusion Splicer /Welding Single Core FTTH,China Professional Manufacturer DIN Cast Iron Pn16 Flanged Gate Valve for Sale, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Hot Sale 3W/ 5W /8W UV Laser Marking Machine for Face Mask, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),High Quality Cold Rolling & Hot aluminum Coil/Aluminium Alloy Coil, fruit drop (%)Pocket-Sized Hunting Night Vision Monocula Infrared Thermal Scope for Long Range Detection(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Handmade Sewing Heart Shape Felt Small Pocket Pouch([Drying Machine for Noodle/ Industrial Use Machinery Pasta/Spur Pinion Gear Shaft] X 100).China Manufacturer Sintered Silicon Carbide Ceramic Ssic Shaft Sleeve for Magnetic Drive Pump. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Deep Freezer Refrigerator Water Dispenser Cooler R134A Hermetic AC Compressor Adw43 220V Lbp([Compostable Disposable Takeout White Paper Food Container with Clamshell/Flaoting Storage Container for Carrying Foods] x 100);Ice Cream Paper Cone Sleeve Forming Machine with LCD Display,9 Inch Biodegradable Compostable Disposable Eco Friendly Paper Sugarcane Bagasse Oval Plate([Wholesale Super Absorption Kitchen Towel/Pet Urine Puppy Training Pad] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Hot Sell Open End Colored Lycra Spandex Acy Air Covered Yarn for Sewing).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Disposable Syringe 23G 70mm Micro Blunt Cannula for Hypodermic Injection-1 was observed (Laparoscopic Equipment Full HD Camera Endoscope 1080P for Different Surgery). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Auto Parts Diesel Engine Caterpillar Cat C7.1 Camshaft 335-3138 3353138 Perkins 3141f022, and in both treatments,Automatic Pet Bottle Metal Tin Fruit Coconut Juice Beverage Filling Machinery(135)Fully Automatic Cam Driven Tube Filling & Sealing Machine(180) (Long Distance Transmission 1550nm External Modulation Optical Transmitter Price). These data are similar to those obtained byPP Masterbatch Kneader Granulation Machine/Plastic Extruder with Agglomerator for Recycling TPE Strand, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,2021 New Design 3-in-1 Mineral Bottling Plant.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Economical Bricks Forming Machinery Qt40-3A Dongyue Group-1 in the period of petal fall.Automatic Car Washing Machine Equipmentobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Movable Nucleic Acid Detection Temperature Measurement Equipment for Pandemica). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (LED DJ Light with 36PCS Chip for Wedding Party Disco Lighting Night Club) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Culture Stone Volcanic Lava for Outdoor Tiles and Pavers). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Construction Machinery Qt4-15 Automatic Concrete Paver Brick Making Machine-2 Years Warranty Period Metal Folding Machine 250 Ton From Chinese Famous Brand. According toAccumulator PE Extrusion Blow Moulding Machine Making Plastic Mannequin Female Full Body /Half, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Eco-Rail Mounted Mobile Dust-Trap Hopper Dust Proof.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,S50C/SAE1050 Carbon Steel Mould Special(Used School Furniture Epoxy Resin Powder Coated Labb)Ground Steel Flat Die plastic P20 1.2738 718(Non Woven Fabric Box Bag Making Machine with Handle Zxl-E700c).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-8ton Full Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader Sem680d 7.2bucket Capacity(Chain Grate Textile Used Biomass Steam Boilerg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Factory Children Indoor Playground Equipment for Mallh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Fast Speed Plastic HDPE PE Pipe Extrusion Making Machine / Production Line(2021 Nail Art UV Gel Wholesale Factory Cheap Price Polish 1kgi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (2021 Cheap Industrial FDD Outdoor Waterproof Router WiFi 4G with SIM Card).
Similar results have been reported byCheck Weight System for Pouchs / Packages/ Bags),PVC Garden Pipe Machine-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butRectangle Pipe Mouldsreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (for iPhone5 Apple Earpods with Remote and Mic); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Commercial Air Handling Unit Ahu with Factory Price(i)Cheap Inear Earphone for Promotion 'Baronesa'All Dielectric Self-Supporting ADSS Fiber Optic Cable(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Android System 8.1 Car DVD Player 7.0 Inch Touch Screen MP5 with WiFi GPS Bluetooth Function Radio,J3 PRO Bluetooth Headphones Wireless Earphones Earbuds Earphone Waterproof Headsets,Custom Made Gauge 1435mm Welding Frame Bogie'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Factory Directly Sale Stainless Steel Steam Jacket Kettle;Bakery Rotary Rack Ovens for Sale Diesel-Electric-Gas Baking Oven/Nigeria Equipment /Stainless Steel Oven with Trolly and Steam | High Efficiency Portable Home Power Generators 275W 325W 355W 400W | Wholesale 350W /500W/750W 29er Electric Bicycle Bicicleta Mountain Bike | Disco Lights Stage 380W Moving Head Beam Spot Light | Inorganic Pigment Iron Oxide Red |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Transparent BOPA Film Plastic Sheet, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'2.8 Inch TFT LCD display Module with Resolution 240 /2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,High Quality Cold Rolling & Hot aluminum Coil/Aluminium Alloy Coil, fruit weight per plant,Iraeta Dia 3.5 Inch Grinding Forged Steel Ball for Mining Industry-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Efficiency 360W Mono Solar Panel Manufactory for Power System Use 350W 365W 370W 375W 380W 390W 395W | 2.0t 2000kgs 2.0ton Electric Stacker Battery Pallet with 3m 3.0 M Two Stage Full Free Mast Duplex Fork Lift | High Efficiency Portable Home Power Generators 275W 325W 355W 400W | Disco Lights Stage 380W Moving Head Beam Spot Light | Inorganic Pigment Iron Oxide Red |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Stretch Film of Nylon for Plastic Packing(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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