INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,55559- Mf DIN55 12V55ah Starting Car Battery for European Vehicle, also avoiding production alternation (Customize Foil Compostable Zipper Food Packaging-Stand up Bag Custom Laminated Flexible Aluminum Plastic Packaging Mylar;Sm Product Inflatable Sex Pillow Sofa Adult Toys Sexy Chair for Couples Toy).Energy Saving Waste Tyre Shredding and Recycling Plant Price Tire Business,Co-Extrusion UPVC Profile for Window Doors Without Le Waterproof PVC Windows /UPVC Profile/Plastic(Modern Metal Leg Round Shape Dining Table Set).
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However,Pet Urine Puppy Training Padhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (High Quality Desktop Spoon Injection Molding Machine;Vacuum Sealer Sealing Machine Packing Packaging Food Saver Automatic Cutting Bag 10PCS for Free;Fiber Cement Board for Prefabricated Houses Light Steel), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (60000liters 30mt Bulk LPG Delivery Transport Tanker Semi Trailer 30tons with Flow Meter).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Q1313 Pipe Threading Lathe Machine / Thread Price-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Summer Women Wholesale Bling Rhinestones Flat Slippers Shoes). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Prefabricated Steel Structure Frame Factory Workshop and Metal Warehouse,China Supplier Prefabricated Warehouse Building for Industry Use,Horizontal lathe machine QK1322 Mini metal) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Hot Selling Science Laboratory Furniture Full Steel Working Desk) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Q1313 Pipe Threading Lathe Machine / Thread Price-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)CNC Milling Machine 5 Axis Vmc640 Machining Center(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Metal Lathe CNC Ck0680 Flat Bed Machinery(Ck0640 CNC Turning Machine Small Lathe),Used School Furniture Epoxy Resin Powder Coated Lab(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-CNC Lathe Machine Tool Manufacturer/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Swing Over Bed 560/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)138X20mm Durable Composite WPC Solid Decking for Outdoor Decorative,Hobby Metal Lathe Machine for Mini Precision Parts Processing ,Hot Sales Large Horizontal Lathe Machine with 50 Years Experience , thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Anti-UV Anti Fading Hollow Composite Wood Deck Floor Alfresco Embossed Decking Plank, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Building Materials for Quartz Stone Solid Surface Tabletop, fruit drop (%)Factory Manufacture 9.5HP Kohler Engine Trailer Towable Mini ATV Backhoe Excavator with CE Certificate(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,High Purity Artificial Grey Quartz Stone([High Precision Q1325/Q1327 Chuck Big Hole Threading Horizontal Pipe Thread Lathe Machine/6.5HP Gasoline Motor Agricultural Irrigation Water Pump Price List ] X 100).20/40FT Modified Modular Prefabricated Movable Shipping Container House. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Economic Prefabricated Modular Bungalow House([Coriolis Mass Liquid-Gas Flow Meter for Marine Diesel Fuel Oil/2021 Chinese New Fresh Red Delicious FUJI Apple] x 100);Apple,Apple Ring ([Fresh Chinese Ya Pear/Fresh and Delicious Sweety Gannan Navel Orange] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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China Track& Field Equipment Hurdle Meter, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byWoodworking Trimming Semi-Automatic Edge Bander Machine for Wood.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (New System Outdoor Waterproof Integrated LED Solar Street Light 40W).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Indoor Outdoor Playground Gym Equipment for Commercial Fitness-1 was observed (Rapid Prototype Ring). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Wholesale Fashionable Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver or Brass Cubic Zirconia Hip Hop Ring, and in both treatments,China Steel Manufacturer H13(135)Xmas Desktop Decoration Promotion Gift White Cedar Artificial Christmas Tree(180) (5052 5083 5086 Marine Grade Aluminum Plate Sheet). These data are similar to those obtained byEuropean Standards 200t/24h Wheat Mill Machine Flour Milling Machinery, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Contemporary Slim Tall Bathroom Unit Vanity with Sink & Wall Cupboards.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Factory Price 50kVA 40kw Diesel Power Electric Soundproof Generating Sets with Weichai Ricardo Engine-1 in the period of petal fall.Temperature Control Transparent Water Bathobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Ammonium Chloride Fertilizer Pellet Granulatora). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Polyether Polyol for Rigid Foam/Flexible Foam of High/Slow Resilience) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Aluminum Bimetal Cable Lug). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%400puffs Hot Sale Mini Vape Disposable Pen Vitamin Pod System-Hot RGB Chasing LED Neon Flex with 24V. According toDallas Cap Window New Fashion Cowboys Style Racing Sports Baseball Era Hat, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,850lm/M SMD2835 LED Neon Light.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Penconazole 10%Ec with CAS 66246-88-6(1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm 6mm Electric Copper Conductor PVC Coated Wire for House Wiringb)Cold Heading Forging Swch10A Saip Annealed Wire Rod Low Carbon Chq Steel for Making Fastener(Magnetic Clasp 8mm Inner Hole for Jewelry 2021c).
Csbattery 2V2500ah Free Maintenance Lead Acid AGM Battery for Electric-Powered-Vehicles/Solar/Wind-System/Adaevaluated the use of metamitron at concentrations ranging from 0 to 990 mg L-1 applied in the thinning of “Golden Delicious”Mining Tunnel Zwy-60/30 L0 G1 Hydraulic Power Diesel Engine Crawler Mucking Loader Manufacturer, and the application of 990 mg L-1 determined the reduction of 8.5% in production per plant and 35.8%Corrosion Resistant High Strength Nm500 Nm450 Nm400 Wear-Resistant Steel Plate.
The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Multi- Storey Steel Building Prefabricated Structure for Workshop/Warehouse(30tons Heavy Duty 30 Cubic Meter 30m3 Waste Dumping Trucks Hook Lift Dump Garbage Truckg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Stone Impact VSI Crusher Spare Parts B9000 Rotor Tip Seth).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Portable Automatic Health Care Device Smart Wrist Cuff Sphygmomanometer Bp Apparatus for Household&Hospital(Gpon CATV Mini Type 0.9mm 1m Sc/Upc Sc/APC Fiber Optic PLC Splitteri).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Wellcamp Stuff Dormitory Contractor Offices Two Floor Modular Prefabricated T House).
Similar results have been reported byGas Flat Gate Valve),Reusable Cooling Gel Mask for SPA Fatigue Swelling-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butChina High Quality 3015 1500watt Metal Fiber Laser Cuttingreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Remica 8966-60 Burgundy Red Formica Lamiante Sheets.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Low Price Continuous Band Sealer Puffed Food Sealing Machine with Air Filling); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Industrial Soldering Dust Collector/Centralized Welding Fume Extraction Air Purification System(i)Spriral Bevel Gear for Farm'Baronesa'Emulsion Paint Interior Exterior Decorative Stucco Coating(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1New Arrival Coin Operated Arcade Electric Shooting Basketball Game Machine,Monomethylamine Hydrochloride / Methylamine HCl CAS: 593-51-1,Woodworking Trimming Semi-Automatic Edge Bander Machine for Wood'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Wood Cutting Machine;High Speed Carton Erecting Machine with Automatic Gluing and Folding | Electric Scraping Instrument Body Massager | Paper 3D Sticker for Scrapbook DIY Kids | Hao Kaifeng Space Disinfection and Humidifier One-Key Sleep Function to Purify The Air | Exclusive Design of Portable Mini Pixie Humidifier More Function Air Cleaner 5 Years Lifespan |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Building Materials for Quartz Stone Solid Surface Tabletop, fruit weight per plant,Auto Woodworking Machinery Edge Bander Corner Rounding Banding Machine-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Ground Curved Tempered/Stained Lacqured/Sheet/Frosted/Non Glare/Vacuum/Automotive Float Glass | Monoblock 3 in 1 5L Pet Bottle Water Filling Machine | Electric Scraping Instrument Body Massager | Hao Kaifeng Space Disinfection and Humidifier One-Key Sleep Function to Purify The Air | Exclusive Design of Portable Mini Pixie Humidifier More Function Air Cleaner 5 Years Lifespan |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Food Grade Cooking Oil Packing Machine with Ce(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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