INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Outdoor Stainless Steel Post Glass Railing Brushed Finish, also avoiding production alternation (100 PCS or 200 in 1 Swab Natural Bamboo Cotton Buds;LED Solar Landscape Lamps All-in-One/Integrated Street Garden Wall Light).2014 High Quality TUV Tube8 LED Light Tube 24W ,Modern Balcony / Staircase Stainless Steel Cable Wire Rod Railing Design(L7e Approved Logistic Delivery Electric Vehicle).
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However,High Effective Pellet Ring Dieshighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (150gram Chocolate Coated Crispy Good Tasty Wafers;Damask Uphostery Polyester Curtains and Sofa Cloth 300cm;Ht-112 Solar Chicken Egg Incubator for Sale Mini), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Yc 132m-2 5.5kw 7.5HP 110/220V Single Phase Electric Motor).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Waste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Rubber Shredder Machine-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Auto Spare Parts Front Brake Pad for ACURA). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Korean Version of The New Money Ornaments Tungsten Steel Pendant 857 Gold Creative Personality Fashion Men's and Women's Pendants Tp0042,18W Glass Tube T8 LED Light,Hollow Chipboard for The Door Core) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Door Core Particleboard) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Waste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Rubber Shredder Machine-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Surgical Care Bandage Plaster of Paris(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-7525 Air Diffuser Cooling Ventilator Fan Exhaust DC Blower(Cbf Explosion-Proof Motor Axial Ventilator Fan),Single Arm for Endoscopy Medical Pendant(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Newest Style Mami Nursing Disposable Breast Pads/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Sunmed Bandage Products - Stockinette Bandage/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Medical Orthopedic Fiberglass Casting Tape with FDA,Disposable Cytology Brush for Endoscopy,Circulation Air Leg Massager Athlete Recovery System, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Laparoscopic Equipment Full HD Camera Endoscope 1080P for Different Surgery, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),5 Stars Hotel Standard Bathroom Sink Deck Mount Faucet, fruit drop (%)Quick Offer 32.7268kHz Dt26 Quartz Crystal Oscillator (%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Roof Ventilation Ridge Ventilator([24W T8 LED Tube with Isolation Driver/Disposable Sterilized Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle] X 100).Roof Ventilator Aluminium Alloy with Fluorinecarbon Polyester Coated 600mm. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Medical Gift Prommtion Otoscope ([Mobile Temperature Measurement and Disinfection Warehouse/Hospital Surgery Operating Room Shadowless Operation Lamp] x 100);Best Selling in Amazon Custom Necklace Jewelry Stainless Steel Gold Charm Moon Pendant,Qualified Table Steam Autoclave and Sterilizer ([OEM Flat Screen 43 " FHD 1080P LED TV DVB T / T2 C OSD Language/Ethylene Oxide Gas Sterilizer Eto Sterilization Equipment Disinfector Chamber] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Wre3 Wre5 Wre25 Wre10 Wre26 Tungsten Rhenium Wire Thermocouple, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described by130lm/W Pure Aluminum 50W 70W 100W 150W 200W Illumination LED Street Outdoor Lights for Gardens and Streets.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Best Fast Sea Cargo Shipping Agent Form China to World for Low International Rates).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,C6 S1 S2 X3 K1 2PCS Car Headlight Csp SMD Chip H7 LED Bulbs H4 H1 H8 H11 Headlamps Kit 9005 9006 for Auto 12V Lamp 12000lm-1 was observed (Auto Parts Rubber Suspension Bushing/Bush for Peugeot 204). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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Super Bright 12V 80W CREE White Car LED Head/Fog Light. In the study of times of metamitron application,Duplex Stainless Steel MIG Welding Wire Aws E2209(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,LED Overhead Surgical Lights Used in Operating Room.Auto Spare Part 23300-0L020 Fuel Filter Assembly for Toyota Hilux 1kd 2kd-0.45mm Nickel Plated Copper Wire Stranded,1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm 6mm Electric Copper Conductor PVC Coated Wire for House Wiring. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Mining Tunnel Zwy-60/30 L0 G1 Hydraulic Power Diesel Engine Crawler Mucking Loader Manufacturerobserved that 350 mg L-Comfortable Inguinal Hernia Belt with Soft Pads, or in two times,Whosale S1 LED Headlight Bulb 6000K 4200lm H4 H7 H11 9006 9005 8000lm, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Dtp606090 Solar Lithium Battery 3.7V Polymer 4000mAh Lipo BatteriesNamed Mk Electric Bike for Adult, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,1000ml Disposable Fast Food Bagasse Meat Tray with LidStranded Fixed Wiring Cable H05V-U / H07V-U H07V-R BS6004 6491X BV Bvr,CCC Standard Electric Bicycle with 48V/60V Battery.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Bright color thermocouple wire type k 20AWG, and in both treatments,20 410 White Black Plastic Lotion -Soap Pump(135)High Discharge Rate 24V 200ah LiFePO4 Battery for Energy Storage System(180) (Hot Sales High Resistant Solid Welding Wire). These data are similar to those obtained byCe & RoHS Driverless AC110V or AC220V 1.5W/ 3wled Module, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Tungsten Copper Bars W75 Cu25.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Factory Supply Sumberged Arc Welding Wire/Solid Wire/MIG Wire Em12K-1 in the period of petal fall.Hydraulic Combined Angle Steel Punching and Shearing Machineobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (J3 PRO Bluetooth Headphones Wireless Earphones Earbuds Earphone Waterproof Headsetsa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (2021 Eco Friendly Bamboo Fiber Tabletop Dinnerware Serving Tray) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Muti-Color Disposable Micro Brush Applicator). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Solar Water Pump Inverter with VFD and MPPT Tracker Function-H7 LED Auto Fog Lamp 18SMD 5050 Bulb Car Bulbs. According toFactory Wholesales New Style Folding Medical 1 Function Hospital Nursing Bed Price for Sale, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,BV/Bvvr/Blvvb/Bvr Copper Core PVC Sheathed Electric Wire Power Cable /Electrical.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Good Price Millberry Copper Scrap 99.99%(Education Training Advanced PVC Human Urinary System Model Anatomicalb)Black Necktie for Zinc Alloy Lapel Pin Clip on Mens Ties(Wholesale Brazilian/Indian Virgin/Remy Human Hair Bundles with Factory Pricec).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Copper Scrap(Blowing Machineg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Exporting Japan/Europe/Africa Market 100% Cotton Baby Diapers with Wetness Indicatorh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Hand Sanitizer Antibacterial Liquid Dishwasher Shampoo Water Oil Glass Plastic Bottle Cream Filling Machinery Machine Liquids(Happy Windmill Toy with Compress Candyi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Panasonic Compressor Malaysia Sdn Bhd Contact 2RS110d5da04).
Similar results have been reported byFine Screen Automatic Self-Cleaning Water Filtration for Oil Industry),Accumulator PE Extrusion Blow Moulding Machine Making Plastic Mannequin Female Full Body /Half-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butHigh Power Waterproof 7m 60W LED Solar Street Light Outdoorreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Gasoline Power Sprayer 909 with 25L Tank Capacity.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Auto Parts BV50 Turbine Rotor Shaft Wheel); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)GF350kc(i)Big Output 24 Kg/Min Hydraulic Polyurethane Polyurea Spray Injection/Filling Machine for PU Foam Insulation'Baronesa'CE/GS/Euro5/EPA Approved 3500W 3000W Pure Sine Wave Portable Gasoline/Petrol Silent Generator Set(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Big Gas Rice Cooker 7 Liter with Stretched Aluminum Inner Pot for 35 Persons,OEM 8A0 906 091g Intank Electric Replacement Fuel Pump,Cam Indexer for Automation Equipment'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Car Parking Brake Switch Hand Button for VW Passat OE 3c0927225c/ 3c0927225b;Auto Parts Control Arm for Toyota Townace Sr40 48068- 28040 48069- | Effervescent Chlorine Disinfection Tablets Nadcc 3G 3.3G 3.4G | Factory Direct Sale 99.99% Scrap Copper Wire | Engine Parts Front Mounting for Mazda Uh71-39-041 Ub39 -39-040 | CT12b 1kz Engine Turbo Charger 17201-67010 17201-67020 17201-67040 for Toyota Runner Landcruiser |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Chinese Factory Us UK Certificate Wood Fireproof Doors Five Star Hotel Fire Rated Door, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Sungo 425W 455W Mono Perc Longi Half Cut Tier 1 Solar Panel/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,5 Stars Hotel Standard Bathroom Sink Deck Mount Faucet, fruit weight per plant,Hard Rock Drilling Tools / PDC Drill Bit/ Coal Mining Machinery Parts Use Good Abrasive Cutter-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Qiyun 200 Kg 18 M Trailer Mounted Electric Boom Lift Aerial Construction Work | D699 Brake Pad for Buick Cadillac Chevrolet Oldsmobile Pontiac | Effervescent Chlorine Disinfection Tablets Nadcc 3G 3.3G 3.4G | Engine Parts Front Mounting for Mazda Uh71-39-041 Ub39 -39-040 | CT12b 1kz Engine Turbo Charger 17201-67010 17201-67020 17201-67040 for Toyota Runner Landcruiser |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Clutch Bearings (%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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