INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Polymer Concrate Water Drain Channel System for Factory, also avoiding production alternation (Small Pirate Theme Children's Park Indoor Playground with Slides;Professional Made Face Mask KN95 Protection Dust Mmask with Earloop).Telegraph Pole Mounting Bracket,Waterproof 65 Inch Outdoor 2500nit LCD Kiosk Advertising Digital Touch Totem Windows Display Screen(New Style Pre Hot DIP Galvanized Horse Stable Fence Panel).
Hot Sale 4 Inch Sintered Double Row Segment Diamond Grinding Wheels for Concrete, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Factory Sales of High-Quality Food Grade 99.5% Ferrous Sulfate Heptahydrate for Additives). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (High Quality Pure Color Lifeproof Waterproof Phonecase for iPhone with All Models Cases).
However,Spring Type Hose Reel for Hydraulic Oilhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (MDF Hot Sell Executive Office Desk;Zoomtak New Arrival Octa Core Android 7.1 Smart TV Box V Plus;CAMC 618DA1006002A Camshaft Spare Patrs for Truck with Low Price), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Ce UL Saso RoHS 3W E27 Golden Glass Cover LED Filament Light Made in China for Home & Business Indoor Lighting From Best Distributor Factory).
The ‘metamitron’High Quality Small Plastic Injection Machine(Heavy Duty Pallet Racking for Industrial Warehouse Storage Solutions),China 20/40FT Prefabricated Modular Steel Structure Prefab Mobile Shipping Container House(Non Medical 3 Ply Woven Bfe99 % Disposable Breathable Face Masks with Custom Logo Made in China Mask Stock Protective;Prefabricated Steel Frame Sandwich Panel House in Philippine). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Modern Simple Mini Hanging Lighting Glass Bulb Pendant Light for Kitchen Decoration;Factory Outdoor Aerial ADSS Single Mode Fiber Coaxial Network Cable;Tkl 75kw 100HP Oil Injected Direct Coupling Rotary Screw Air Compressor). However,Car Floor Mat/Car Carpet/Foot Mat for Honda Cars with 360d Full Coveragepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Prime Mover 10 Wheeler 6X4 Sinotruk HOWO Tractor Head Truck, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Safe and Reliable Scaffolding Drop Forged Girder Gravity Swivel Coupler Clamps).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Gt2 Htd3m 5m 8m 14m Toothed Timing Belt Pulley.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Wendyhair Affordable Human Hair Extensions Virgin Brazilian-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Torch Applied Sbs/APP Root-Resistant Bitumen Waterproof Membrane for Green Roofs). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Sex Toy-Water-Based Lubricant Oils ,Fingerprint Digital Residential Apartment Door Lock for Building Projects,High Quality Invisible Condom for Man) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (20kg Commercial Laundry Washing Machine) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Wendyhair Affordable Human Hair Extensions Virgin Brazilian-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)New China Isuzu Giga Vc61 6X4 10 Wheel Tractor Truck(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Manufacturer Factory Produce Door Lock Magnetic Card Kepad(125 kHz T57 T5577 Hotel Smart Door Locks RFID Keycard Lock for Room),8A/9A Grade Brazilian/Indian Virgin/Remy Human Hair Bundles with Grey Color(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Kinky Curly Weaves Bundle with Closure Unprocessed Human Hair Extension/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Amazon Best Selling Electronic Digital Electric Fingerprint Ttlock APP Bluetooth Door Lock/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Super Silent Type 48kw 60kVA Power Diesel Generator,Factory Prices Unprocessed 100% Virgin Indian Hair Weaving,Wholesale Brazilian/Indian Virgin/Remy Human Hair Bundles with Factory Price, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Top Quality Brazilian Afro Kinky Hair Extension, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Brazilian Kinky Curly Virgin Human Hair 3bundles Weave T, fruit drop (%)Ductile Cast Iron Wide Range Coupling(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Industrial Refrigeration Cold Storage Connecting Control Valve([Plastic PVC Flexible Clear Transparent Level Hose Water Pipe/Commercial Baking Spiral Dough Mixer Equipment] X 100).Vibrator Plate Compactor Compacting Machine. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Muudhish Brand 100% Purity Tomato Paste with 22-24% Concentrate in Flat Sachets 40g([China Farm House for Vegetable/Sport Hat 100% Cotton Whole Sale Mesh Cap Fashion High Quality Trucker] x 100);Chinese Factory SMS Nonwoven Fabric Isolation Gown,Manufacturers Direct Christmas Decorations Hats Non - Woven Children's([Cotton Trucker Cap with Contrast Underneath Peak/Natural Lapis Lazuli Carved Bird /Raven Skull Pendant Carving #9j36] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Custom Fashion Cotton Embroidery Cap PU Leather Baseball Hat Basketball Vintage Snapback, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byA312 304/316/310S/321/ 321H /347H Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Headlight H7 24V Clear Halogen Car Fog Light/Lamp).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Low Price AAMI Level 1 Pet+PA Waterproof Polypropylene Barrier Protection Spunlace Anti Alcohol Disposable Surgical Gown-1 was observed (Kids Favourite Science Toys DIY Snow Slime). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Electric Jib Crane, and in both treatments,Medium Sized 2.5t Smooth Electric Jib Crane(135)Luxury Decoration Passenger Lift with High Quality(180) (Wireless 2.4G Ap for Point to). These data are similar to those obtained byCustomized Sound Birthday Card Music Greeting Gift, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Excellent Quality Bzd Type 1500kg Jib Crane with Widely Applied.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,100 People Movable Outdoor Stage Event Tent Clear Span Party White-1 in the period of petal fall.Hex Key Wrench Spanner for Bolt Allen Carbon Steel Nickel Platedobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (ADSS Opgw Optical Fiber Cable G652D 48cores Fibra Opticaa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (5 Inch Double Jacket Large Diameter PVC Marine Hose Price) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Factory Price Korean Quality Rechargeable Mf Car Battery DIN Standard 12V 75ah). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Sem 5tons Wheel Loader Cat Technoloy 652b-Marquees for Weddings Marriage Tents Tent. According toSemi Auto Small Bottle Liquid Filling Machine Soap, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,EXW Price Indoor Use Fixed Pillar Slewing Mounted Jib Crane.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Heavy Duty Pallet Racking for Industrial Warehouse Storage Solutions(Folding Hand Trolley for Factoryb)High Peaked Marquee Tent Event for Real Estate (Drill Rig / 9 1/2" c).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-128*64 Cog Graphic LCD Module(55t Fence Semi Trailerg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (10s 13s Li - ion Battery PCM/PCB 5A/15A 25A with 5V USB/Switchh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’PP Coroplast Sign(Radial Tire Truck 10.00r20 1000r20 All Steeli).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (General Motorcycle LED Turn Signal Light Flash Direction for YAMAHA Fz16 Honda Kawasaki Z1000sx).
Similar results have been reported byPermanent Strong Ring Nickel Coating NdFeB Neodymium Magnets),Fruit Fork Packed by Apple Shaped Box-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butHose Crimping Machine with High-Accuracy Fi 6mm-Fi 51mmreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,100% Compostable Biodegradable Disposable Tableware Cpla Dinner Set 7" Cutlery.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Gold Mining Machine Best Quality Trommel Wash); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Safety Device Spare Parts of Construction Hoist(i)Vertical Fire Extinguisher Powder Filling Machine'Baronesa'Diesel Braided 3/8" Marine 15mm SAE 30r7 Corrugated Fuel Dispenser Pump Hose(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Eco Friendly Sports Surface Flooring Running Way Rubber Track PU Binder Adhesive,Harmless Running Track Polyurethane Adhesive,High Quality China Isuzu Nhr Refrigeration Truck'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Concrete Pumping End Solution Flexible Control Spider Placing Boom;All Weather Rubber Running Track | National Standard Production of High Precision Aluminum Tube | 9 Dds-15L Active Kwh Meter | Yidek Pd354 96*96 Electronic Parameter and Harmonic Measuring Meter | 0.5% Accuracy Turbine Flow Meter for Liquid Water |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Manufacturer High Quality Wl Tungsten Lanthanum Bar Rod Electrode, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Motorcycle Oil Seal Kit for YAMAHA Ybr125/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Brazilian Kinky Curly Virgin Human Hair 3bundles Weave T, fruit weight per plant,2.1MP 20X Waterproof Wiper Night Vision IR Laser Rugged Patrol Car Roof PTZ Camera-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | General Motorcycle LED Turn Signal Light Flash Direction for YAMAHA Fz16 Honda Kawasaki Z1000sx | Aluminium Tube/ Pipe/ Tube Manufacturing | National Standard Production of High Precision Aluminum Tube | Yidek Pd354 96*96 Electronic Parameter and Harmonic Measuring Meter | 0.5% Accuracy Turbine Flow Meter for Liquid Water |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | OEM 7A04 (%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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