INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Good Quality 10 Chutes Color Sorter, also avoiding production alternation (Customized Sound Birthday Card Music Greeting Gift;Hex Key Wrench Spanner for Bolt Allen Carbon Steel Nickel Plated).Placer Gold Mining Equipment Washing Trommel,Air-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine 21.5 Inch Tn Ad Video LED Digital Signage Quality Promoting Item Player(ADSS Opgw Optical Fiber Cable G652D 48cores Fibra Optica).
20-60X80 Outdoor Long Range Telescope Spotting Scopes , fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (5 Inch Double Jacket Large Diameter PVC Marine Hose Price). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Factory Sale 35K 1000W Ultrasonic Power Generator for Plastic Welding).
However,Semi Auto Small Bottle Liquid Filling Machine Soaphighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Folding Hand Trolley for Factory;Drill Rig / 9 1/2" ;Sunyo Jc60 Mini Skid Steer Loader with 60HP Engine Sauer and Eaten Hydraulic Partshot Sale Mode Lhot for Farmers), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Curved Marquee Tent for Outdoor Events).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Upset Cold Forging End Parallel Threaded Coupler to Connect Rebars-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Roofing Shingle Tile in Kerala). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Dextra Aci-318 Standard Mechanical Splice Coupler,Aluminium Blue Hydrophilic Finstock Strip Air Conditioning,Made in China Aluminium Coil 1050) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Car Thermostat 11531743017 for BMW 1153 1 743 017) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Upset Cold Forging End Parallel Threaded Coupler to Connect Rebars-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)5W UV Laser Machine for Plastic Marking(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Japan T-400s Fiber Fusion Splicer /Welding Single Core FTTH(China Professional Manufacturer DIN Cast Iron Pn16 Flanged Gate Valve for Sale),Hot Sale 3W/ 5W /8W UV Laser Marking Machine for Face Mask(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-High Quality Cold Rolling & Hot aluminum Coil/Aluminium Alloy Coil/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Pocket-Sized Hunting Night Vision Monocula Infrared Thermal Scope for Long Range Detection/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Handmade Sewing Heart Shape Felt Small Pocket Pouch,Drying Machine for Noodle/ Industrial Use Machinery Pasta,Spur Pinion Gear Shaft, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)China Manufacturer Sintered Silicon Carbide Ceramic Ssic Shaft Sleeve for Magnetic Drive Pump, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Deep Freezer Refrigerator Water Dispenser Cooler R134A Hermetic AC Compressor Adw43 220V Lbp, fruit drop (%)Compostable Disposable Takeout White Paper Food Container with Clamshell(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Flaoting Storage Container for Carrying Foods([Ice Cream Paper Cone Sleeve Forming Machine with LCD Display/9 Inch Biodegradable Compostable Disposable Eco Friendly Paper Sugarcane Bagasse Oval Plate] X 100).Wholesale Super Absorption Kitchen Towel. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Pet Urine Puppy Training Pad([Fricwel Auto Parts Clutch Lining Pad Facing Material Supplier Manufacturer Factory Price Ts16949 ISO9001/Produce Synthetic Bottle Chip Grade Pet Factory Price Ethylene Glycol] x 100);3 Ply Stainless Steel No Oil Fry Pan,Sunkea Wholesale Price Takeaway Packaging Pulp Lunch Box for Food([Forged Aluminium Fry Pan/WiFi Module Integrated Circuit IC] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Leading Export Super High Power Graphite Electrodes for Eaf Smelting with Nipples).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Aerosol Can Seal for All Type of Cans 0.1-25L Tin Production Line-1 was observed (Roronoa Zoro One Piece Anime Shusui Katana Sword - O Wazamono Grade Cosplay). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-2 Years Warranty Period Metal Folding Machine 250 Ton From Chinese Famous Brand, and in both treatments,Eco-Rail Mounted Mobile Dust-Trap Hopper Dust Proof(135)S50C/SAE1050 Carbon Steel Mould Special(180) (Wholesale Cornstarch Boidegradable PLA/Pbat Drinking Straws with Factory Price). These data are similar to those obtained byKitchen Commercial Wall Mount Triple Paper Dispenser for, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Ground Steel Flat Die plastic P20 1.2738 718.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Pre-hardened Plastic Mould Steel 1.2738/P20+Ni Plate HRC29-34-1 in the period of petal fall.5.99 Inch Mpos NFC 4G Handheld Android POS Terminalobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Low Price AAMI Level 1 Pet+PA Waterproof Polypropylene Barrier Protection Spunlace Anti Alcohol Disposable Surgical Gowna). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (PE PP HDPE LDPE Plastic Film granulator/granulation/granulating machine) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Hw3851-280 Double Nozzle Electronic Feeder Water Jet Loom with Cam Shedding). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Bonny Wzy28-8c 28 Ton Hydraulic Material Handler with Crawler Crane-8ton Full Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader Sem680d 7.2bucket Capacity. According toPm-PS6201 Wholesale Seal Plastic Self Locking Seals for Sale, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Forestry Timber Trailer for Sale.
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-PVC Garden Pipe Machine(Rainproof Crank Dynamo LED Camping Lanterng).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Micro Duct Connector for Optical Fiber Tubingh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Insulation Pipe Rubber Tube 10mm*13mm*1.83m for Refrigeration(Adult No Screws Metal Bunk Bedsi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Personalized Fisherman Bucket Hat with Face Shield for Men Women Kids Anti Dust Cap Fog).
Similar results have been reported byClutch Bearings ),Metal Sheet HVAC Bellmouth Spigots-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butLow Price Stock Mobile Ore Impact Crusherreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Custom Made Gauge 1435mm Welding Frame Bogie); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Factory Directly Sale Stainless Steel Steam Jacket Kettle(i)Bakery Rotary Rack Ovens for Sale Diesel-Electric-Gas Baking Oven/Nigeria Equipment /Stainless Steel Oven with Trolly and Steam'Baronesa'High Efficiency Portable Home Power Generators 275W 325W 355W 400W(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Wholesale 350W /500W/750W 29er Electric Bicycle Bicicleta Mountain Bike,Disco Lights Stage 380W Moving Head Beam Spot Light,Inorganic Pigment Iron Oxide Red'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Transparent BOPA Film Plastic Sheet;2.8 Inch TFT LCD display Module with Resolution 240 | Iraeta Dia 3.5 Inch Grinding Forged Steel Ball for Mining Industry | Efficiency 360W Mono Solar Panel Manufactory for Power System Use 350W 365W 370W 375W 380W 390W 395W | 2.0t 2000kgs 2.0ton Electric Stacker Battery Pallet with 3m 3.0 M Two Stage Full Free Mast Duplex Fork Lift | Stretch Film of Nylon for Plastic Packing |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Energy Storage System 5kw 9.6kwh Battery for Wind or Solar, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'CNC Hydraulic Sheet Metal Bending Press Brake with Tooling/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Deep Freezer Refrigerator Water Dispenser Cooler R134A Hermetic AC Compressor Adw43 220V Lbp, fruit weight per plant,WC67Y /K series sheet metal plate CNC hydraulic press brake-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | CNC Hydraulic Press Brake Sheet Metal Bending Machine Capacity 6mm | Hydraulic Combined Angle Steel Punching and Shearing Machine | Iraeta Dia 3.5 Inch Grinding Forged Steel Ball for Mining Industry | 2.0t 2000kgs 2.0ton Electric Stacker Battery Pallet with 3m 3.0 M Two Stage Full Free Mast Duplex Fork Lift | Stretch Film of Nylon for Plastic Packing |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Q35y-25 Hydraulic Combined Punching and Shearing Semi-Automatic Ironworker(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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