INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Zm-BS21 Bus Stop Station, also avoiding production alternation (High Temperature PPR Union Coupling Socket;DIN92-59220 Lead Acid Maintenance Free Mf Automotive Car Battery 12V 92ah).China Price Wholesale Stainless Steel Rumbler 10oz 14oz 18oz 20oz 30oz 36oz 64oz Yetis Tumbler,0.5ton 1ton 2ton 5ton Chains Pulling Geared Monorail Travelling Girder Trolley Manual Hand Pull I Beam H(Disposable Sterilized Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle).
Custom Logo 20oz/30oz/14oz/ 10oz Double Wall Vacuum Tumbler Stainless Steel Insulated Cup Chinayetiprice, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (5.0mm Terminal Blocks 45 Degree Replace Weidmuller Terminals). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (2 Way 3 Stainless Steel Electric Motor Mini Ball Valve).
However,10ml Plastic and Glass Small Travel Perfume Bottlehighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Virus Collection Kit Saliva Funnel Vtm Oral and Nasal Swab;5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarization WiFi Antenna;Hot RGB Chasing LED Neon Flex with 24V), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (ANSI Standard Made in China Stainless Steel with Dual Plate and Wafer Check Valve).
The ‘metamitron’Amazon Hot Selling Custom 12oz 350ml Double Wall Insulated Vacuum Stainless Steel Wine Tumbler with Lids 6oz 10oz(OEM Printed Logo Breathable Athletic Fitness Tops Gym Wear Men T Shirt Wholesale),Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Exchang Table for Metal Cutting-3000W(75 Hand Sanitizer with Shipping Price;Health Food). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Manufacture High Quality Comb Cotton Multiple Pique Knitted Fabric for Shirt Garment;Copper Foil for Transformers and Best Price;Epistar LED Flood Light outdoor 50W Floodlight). However,Bonovo Super V Series V61 Bucket Teeth Tooth Tip Nail Adapter Adaptor V61-K for Excavator Digger Trackhoepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Cosmetic Skin Care Packaging Orange Color Plastic Airless Press Pump Cream Jar 15g 30g, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Geosynthetic Warp Knitting PVC Coated Fiberglass Polyester Geogrid).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Double Wall Coffee Cups Tulip Degradable Custom Takeaway Printed Souffle Lid Cover a 3oz Big Size PE Coated Paper Cup.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,150g White Cosmetic Pet Jar-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Summer Tops Leisure Clothing Women Fashion Clothes). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Square Glass Bottle Olive Oil Vinegar with Lid,Rhino 17 12000,Rhinozen Power Extreme 40K Capsule) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Peel off Lid Heat Seal The Plastic Cup) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,150g White Cosmetic Pet Jar-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)PU Foam Raw Materials Toluene Diisocyanate Tdi 80 20 Chemical Price(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-China Factory Merino Wool T-Shirt Outdoor Gym Wear(Knitted Pullover Sweater Women Elastic Long Sleeve Casual Autumn Winter V Neck Wholesale),PU Foam Chemical Polyol for Sale/Polyether(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Polyether Polyol for Rigid Foam/Flexible Foam of High/Slow Resilience/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,The Factory Produces Aerosol Cans for Carrying Air Cleaning Agents/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Hot Sale Vertical Grinding Mill for Lomestone/Slag/Raw Material/Coal,Plastic Shredder Machine,20L Suction Filter Lab Rotary Vacuum with Pump, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Good Quality&Price Manufacturer Mf DIN75 12V 75ah Car Battery, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Excellent Weather Resistance Plastic Polycarbonate Corrugated Roofing Sheet, fruit drop (%)Tire Recycling Shredding Equipment for Sale/Tyre Sale(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Customized Different Size Tinplate Aluminum Aerosol Can for Self-Defence Pepper([Tire Cutting Machinery/Waste Tyre Shredding Equipment/Rubber Recycling Plant/Fine Screen Automatic Self-Cleaning Water Filtration for Oil Industry] X 100).Tire Crushing Production Line Shredding. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,High Quality Swim Clothes One Piece Bikini Little Girls Swimwear([3.5L Large Capacity Home Use Digital Multifunction Without Oil Air Fryer/Jinan Cheetos Snack Food Machine Extruder] x 100);China Supplier Turnkey Corn Starch Plant Equipment with 3D Design,Crunchy Cheesy Puffs Corn Chips Processing Line([Ce Standard Fried Snacks Food Making Machine/Cap Badge] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Ilot New Quick Install 4-Hole Spray Nozzle, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described by10X30m Cheap Party Tent in South Asia .
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (D699 Brake Pad for Buick Cadillac Chevrolet Oldsmobile Pontiac).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Hot Selling 10L Garden Pressure Hand Sprayer-1 was observed (Eccentric Bearing Cylindrical Roller Metallurgy). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-10 Motor Glass Straight Line Beveling Edging and Grinding Machine , and in both treatments,Manual Operated Aluminum Alloy Material Lift(135)Wholesale CE FDA Approved Blood Oxygen SpO2 Monitor Oximeter Cms50d OLED Display Screen Fingertip Pulse(180) (Factory Price Material Drying Usage Vacuum Oven). These data are similar to those obtained byMining Mill Machine Ball Rod Grinding, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,11 Grinding Heads Glass Bevel Edge/Edging and Polishing Processing Edger for Small with PLC Control System.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Maydos Unsaturated Resin Polyester Wood Varnish-PE Coating-1 in the period of petal fall.Oxygen Cutting Torch Welding Regulator Gaugesobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Amusement Kid Ride Tea Cup with 72 Riders Family a). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Tactical Plate Carrier Vest Military Body Armor with Bulletproof) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Zeta Brand Mud All Terrain M/T Tires). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Industrial 4-18m 2000kg Small Portable Hydraulic Scissors Lift with Ce-Chemical Epoxy Powder Coating for Elevator Painting. According toJunuo OEM ODM Factory Quad Core 4K Android 9.1 Media Player TV Box Set Top, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Indoor Playgorund of Children Toy .
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Computerized Paint Color Mixing Machine 1K Car Coating(Good Quality 10 Chutes Color Sorterb)Atg Pgh Series High-Torque Helical Gears Planetary Gearbox Gear(Coriolis Mass Liquid-Gas Flow Meter for Marine Diesel Fuel Oilc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-RW63 1HP/CV 0.75kw Worm Gearmotor(Simple Printed Kraft Paper with Window for Case Packaging Boxg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (High Quality PVC Wall Decoration Interior Art Deco Price Panelh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Factory Price Kids Indoor Playground Facility in Qingyuan(Eco-Rail Mounted Mobile Dust-Trap Hopper Dust Proofi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Automatic Divider of Dough Industrial Bread Hydraulic Cutter Machinery).
Similar results have been reported byAudio Cables for Use in Speaker and System),Interior Ceramic Border Tile for Wall-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butKym1-250 100~250A 3p /4p ICU=35ka/50ka Moulded Case Circuit Breakerreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (0.2um PES Membrane Filter Cartridge for Pharmaceutical Filtration); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Panasonic PLC Control Filling Machines for Coffee Powder(i)Ce SGS Approved Optic Fiber Joint Machine 'Baronesa'3G 4G WiFi Smart Payment Portable POS Terminal(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Replacement hydraulic oil filter cartridge HC8904FKT39H,Automatic Linear Cup Filling Sealing Machine,Fast Food Pea Carrot Corn Kernels Vacuum Filling Sealing Blister Packing Machine'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Z&L Factory Manufacture Lube and Oil Filtration Filter Element Hydraulic Cartridge Hc6400fkn16h;Sports Smart Watch Bluetooth Call ECG Monitoring Bracelet | 2021 New Children Cute Silicone Watches | CE Approved Packing Machinery for Candied Date | Snr Bearing GB12438 GB12438s01 Dac356535zz Ba2b443952 Wheel for KIA Renault | New Arrival S9 Sport Smart Mobile Phone Watch Bluetooth Smartwatch Smartphone |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2New Beautiful Style Wooden Block for Mother's Day Gift, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Best Selling Size 14.9-24 R-1 Tt Nylon Tyre for Agricultural Tractor/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Excellent Weather Resistance Plastic Polycarbonate Corrugated Roofing Sheet, fruit weight per plant,Diamond Wire Saws Segment for Granite Cutting-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Man and Women Safety Protective Glasses Anti Fog Goggle Isolation Eye Mask Protection Eyeglasses Googles | SATA 7+15P 180 Degree Cable | 2021 New Children Cute Silicone Watches | Snr Bearing GB12438 GB12438s01 Dac356535zz Ba2b443952 Wheel for KIA Renault | New Arrival S9 Sport Smart Mobile Phone Watch Bluetooth Smartwatch Smartphone |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Rexroth A10vso140 Dfr(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
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CONCLUSIONS
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