INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Activated 10 Inch Carbon Block Cartridge Filter, also avoiding production alternation (550ml Borosilicate Glass Water Bottle with Sleeve ;Amazon Best Selling Electronic Digital Electric Fingerprint Ttlock APP Bluetooth Door Lock).23 CTO Activated Carbon Block Filter Cartridge,Laser Cut Embroidery Badge Iron on Patch for Garment(250ml Round Wine Bottles Sealed with Buckle Transparent Storage Glass Bottle).
Weho Nes Series 350W 15A 24V AC DC Power Supply, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (High Mast Lighting Pole /Floodlight Column). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Solo Good Scratch Resistance Wood Grain Plastic PVC Flooring 3mm).
However,Ab-38 8*8*5.5 Good Quality Hot Sale Micro Power Switchhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Power Tools Rock Demolition Concrete Hydraulic Hammer Breaker for Excavator Attachment;Durable Civil/Recyclable Multi-Functional Protective Clothing;Ex-Factory Price Affordable Building Steel Structure Villa House), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (GB2626-2021 Standard KN95 Respirator Wholesale Price Factory Non-Woven Earloop Anti Dust/Virus Disposable 5 Ply Fashion Face Mask).
The ‘metamitron’Wholesale Custom Metal Art Crafts Spain Police Military Aircraft Model Challenge Coin Playing Cards Game Souvenir Coins Zinc Alloy Corporate Travel Gift Tokens(Ribociclib Powder CAS No.: 1231929-97-7 Min. Anti-Breast Cancer),Modern Simple Mini Hanging Lighting Glass Bulb Pendant Light for Kitchen Decoration(Eco Friendly Sports Surface Flooring Running Way Rubber Track PU Binder Adhesive;Ground Steel Flat Die plastic P20 1.2738 718). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (P3mm High Clearful Fixed Indoor Front Access LED Screen with Magnetic Board;Competitive Prices Gypsum Board;High-Intensity Running Shockproof Sports Bra Fashionable Beauty Back Gathered Yoga Vest). However,13G Polyester Liner PU Coated Adult Safety Work Hand Protective Gloves for Salepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,201 Bright Handrail Rectangular Tubing with Promotion Price, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Protective Full Clear Anti Virus /Fog/Splash Isolation Face Shield).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Acoustic Panel for Wall Covering Customized.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Theater Wall Panel Wooden Soundproof MDF-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (2021 Bridal Evening Gowns Cap Sleeve Lace Mermaid Wedding Dresses Z2081). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Acoustic Sound Fireproof 3D PVC Wall Board for Furniture Stores,Building Construction Anti UV Outdoor Wood Composite Wall Panels,Chinese Natural G439 Slabs Big Flower Beta White Granite for Kitchen Bathroom Countertop Interior Exterior Wall Floor Tiles) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Natural Stone white galaxy polished/honed/flamed/Brushed/Sawn Granite slabs for interiors/ exterior/outdoor floor/wall) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Theater Wall Panel Wooden Soundproof MDF-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Iran Verde Costa Esmeralda Granite Slabs(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Wall Decoration Waterproof 3D Wallpaper PE Foam Sticker(Luxury Stone Bolivia Blue Granite Slabs for Wall),Low Fuel Consumption UK Engine 16kw/20kVA 3phase Silent Diesel Generator(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Large Stock Human Virgin Hair Lace Frontal Closure Kinky Straight/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,823 Complete Unit on Grid Solar System/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Home Use on-Grid Solar Power System with Inverter 4kw,Hex Key Wrench Spanner for Bolt Allen Carbon Steel Nickel Plated,S350gd High-Strength Steel Plate Galvalume Sheet, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Angelbella Brazilian Body Wave 5X5 Closure Natural Color Human Hair Lace Light Brown Swiss 10-24'' Remy, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),22 Inch Brazilian Straight Hair 13X4 Lace Frontal Free Closure Natural Color Remy Human, fruit drop (%)Factory Sale Various Widely Used Moulds for Plastic Toy Plasic Mould Making(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Plastic Injection Household Daily Necessities Mould([High Pressure Hydraulic Rubber Hose/Yute Rubber Hose SAE J1401 Brake 1/8" Hl] X 100).Solid Timber Wooden Interior Swing Door. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,High Quality Graphite Petroleum Coke([Low Ash Consumption Graphite Electrode UHP500mm with 4tpi/Leading Export Super High Power Graphite Electrodes for Eaf Smelting with Nipples] x 100);Leading Export Electric Arc Furnace Smelting Graphite Electrode Np/HP/UHP,PLC Control Lab Double Roll Mill Mixer([SSAW Pipe Production Line/14.9-24 R1 R2 Pattern High Quality Farm Tractor Tire Agricultural] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Sand Blast Hose Abrasion Resistance, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byVirgin LDPE Granulate Film Grade for Bags Shopping/Plastic.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Hot Sale Gr2 Gr5 Titanium Bar).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Flexible Wear Resistant Dredging Hose-1 was observed (Aufine OTR 14.00r24 High Qualiy off Road Tire for Truck). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-28mm Keruing Container Flooring Plywood, and in both treatments,Handmade Custom Shape Felt Handbag(135)Virgin Brazilian Human Hair Straight Red Burgundy Women 10-26 Inch(180) (Wz30 -25 Mini Backhoe Wheel Loader). These data are similar to those obtained byChinese Food Private Label Sweet Chilli Sauce Condiment, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Professional Services From China to Canada Cargo Shipping Rate Air Freight.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,China Fashion Sports Shoulder Handle Travel Backpack Bag-1 in the period of petal fall.Screw Hand Soap Lotion Pump Spray 24mm 28mmobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Die Cast Inverter Radiator of ADC -12 Aluminum Alloya). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (High Quality Hot Sale Banner Eco Solvent Ink Price) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (UPVC Double Glazing Awning Windows Australian Standards). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Reflective Safety Hi Vis Workwear-International Air Cargo From China All City to Brazil by Professional Logistics Service. According toActive High Rise Maternity Legging Comfortable Yoga Clothing, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Hi Vis Safety High Visibility Fluorescent Reflective Vest.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Quality 72 Inches XPE Surfboard with Reasonable Price (Teriyaki Sauce b)Self-Heating Pain Releif Patch (Custom Brand Organic Essential Oil Soap Smoothing Brightening Peach Buttocks Handmade Bath Barc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Home Hotel Antibacterial Sanitized Microfiber Polyester Quilts Comforters(High Quality Women Ladies Cotton Colourful Crew Ankle Socksg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (RW63 1HP/CV 0.75kw Worm Gearmotorh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’75 Hand Sanitizer with Shipping Price(Yttria Stabilized Zro2 Zirconia Plate for Mechanical Toolingi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Aluminum Sliding Door Prices Narrow Profile with Lock Fabric Glass).
Similar results have been reported by1/4") Premix Color Blends Flake Chips Decorative Epoxy Floor Coating),K4 Full-Auto Plastic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Blowing Mold Locking Uniform-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butOEM Customized Keyboard Graphic Overlay Adhesive Label Nameplate Membrane Switchreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Dissolved Air Flotation Equipment Daf Machine for Wastewater Treatment.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (1.6mm Double Electric Concertina Barbed Wire Used for Protective Fence); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)HDPE Geocell Factory Manufacturer(i)Textured & Smooth Honeycomb Structure Geocell with 50mm--200mm Cell Depth'Baronesa'120kn-120kn/High Tensile Strength Grid/Carbon Polymer Geogrid(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Abestyou Wholesale Factory Mink Eyelashes Real Lashes,Replaceable Vape Pod Open Kit Mesh Coil,Geosynthetic Warp Knitting PVC Coated Fiberglass Polyester Geogrid'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Vegetation Retaining Wall Plastic HDPE Geocell Price;Mineral Separator Small Knel Son Concentrator Gold Jig | High Quality Stranded Copper Electrical Cable ACSR Wire | 60ml 100ml 150ml 250ml Disposable Medical Conductive Paste | Auto Spare Parts Coilover Suspension for Mazda 3 Star Trek | Wet Magnetic Separator Equipment for River Sand |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Coilover Suspension Suitable for KIA K5 , pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Guy/Gay Wire 3/8'' Ehs/ Inch Stranded Galvanized Steel Stay Bare Conductor/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,22 Inch Brazilian Straight Hair 13X4 Lace Frontal Free Closure Natural Color Remy Human, fruit weight per plant,Heavy-Duty Vibratory Feeder -bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Airsoft High Torque Motor Tw -480s-11340b Long-Axis Gearbox DC Gear for Gun Aks-74u Short Shaft | Double Station High-Speed Extrusion Blow Molder | High Quality Stranded Copper Electrical Cable ACSR Wire | Auto Spare Parts Coilover Suspension for Mazda 3 Star Trek | Wet Magnetic Separator Equipment for River Sand |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Foundation Project Air DTH Rotary Micropiles Drilling Rig(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
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CONCLUSIONS
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