INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Ilife Open Bow High Speed Inflatable Catamaran 300 330 380 430 for Sale!, also avoiding production alternation (Wooden Large Building Blocks Kids Educational Toys in Kindergartens;Cold Rolled AISI SUS 201 304 316L 310S 316ti 317 317L 321).Lustre Restaurant Kitchen Iron Contemporary Modern Chain Fancy Luxury Crystal Chandelier Lights for Home Decoration,2021 Best Selling Modern Home Chinese Round or Rectangular Living Room New Design LED K9 Ceiling Chandelier Luxury(Zinc Coated Z275g Gi Corrugated Galvanized Roofing Iron Sheet).
Gold Mining Machine Best Quality Trommel Wash, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Inflatable Hammock Pool Lounge Chair Float with Mesh). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (M-B100 Full-Digital Handhold Ultrasound Scanner).
However,Forged Low Temperature 30CrMo Round Barhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (C45 Hardened Teeth Spur Gear;Wholesale 350W /500W/750W 29er Electric Bicycle Bicicleta Mountain Bike;14K Gold Fashion/Animal Shape Pendant /10K 18K Jewelry), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (2021 Tobemac Brand Concrete Mixer Seal for Industrial Use).
The ‘metamitron’Safety Device Spare Parts of Construction Hoist(Beiben Fuel Tank Truck 6X4 Excellent Quality for Africa Market with Mercedes Benz Technology),Vertical Fire Extinguisher Powder Filling Machine(High Quality IP44 250V 2pin Schuko Socket Outlet for Industrial Application;80-90LM/W 3014 120LEDs/m LED Strip with UL&CE For Indoor Use). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (A60 12W Cool White High Efficiency Energy Saving LED Bulb Lamp;TV Remote Control/LED Control/LCD Control;DC to AC 500watts Inverter Pure Sine Wave 12V 220V). However,Produce Synthetic Bottle Chip Grade Pet Factory Price Ethylene Glycolpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Diesel Braided 3/8" Marine 15mm SAE 30r7 Corrugated Fuel Dispenser Pump Hose, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Two Layers Co-Extrusion PE Film Blowing Machine for Packing Bag).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Eco Friendly Sports Surface Flooring Running Way Rubber Track PU Binder Adhesive.
Harmless Running Track Polyurethane Adhesive-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,High Quality China Isuzu Nhr Refrigeration Truck-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Chinese Commercial Wok 4 Burner Gas Range with Oven). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Concrete Pumping End Solution Flexible Control Spider Placing Boom,All Weather Rubber Running Track,National Standard Production of High Precision Aluminum Tube) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (9 Dds-15L Active Kwh Meter) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,High Quality China Isuzu Nhr Refrigeration Truck-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Yidek Pd354 96*96 Electronic Parameter and Harmonic Measuring Meter(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-0.5% Accuracy Turbine Flow Meter for Liquid Water(Manufacturer High Quality Wl Tungsten Lanthanum Bar Rod Electrode),Motorcycle Oil Seal Kit for YAMAHA Ybr125(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-2.1MP 20X Waterproof Wiper Night Vision IR Laser Rugged Patrol Car Roof PTZ Camera/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,General Motorcycle LED Turn Signal Light Flash Direction for YAMAHA Fz16 Honda Kawasaki Z1000sx/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Aluminium Tube/ Pipe/ Tube Manufacturing,OEM 7A04 ,Poultry Farming Shed Steel Structure for Sale, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)CE Approval Hospital Medical Instrument Automated Urine Analyzer, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Fashion Crystal Precious Stone Beaded Jewelry Bracelet , fruit drop (%)Medical Blood Glucose Test Meter(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,3mm Thick Aluminum 6063 5083 6061 T6 Alloy Sheet([Orange Peel 5154 H112 Aluminum Sheet for Marine Ship in Spain/High Quality Ghana Aluminum Solar Panel Frame From China] X 100).5052/5083/5056/5005 H111 /H112 Precise Extruded Aluminum Bar Round. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,OEM Breathable Economic Disposable Sleepy Baby Diaper for Africa([Automatic Food Packaging Machine for Nido Powdered Milk Canning Filling/Gmb Cleaning Machine] x 100);Sesame Bean Vibration Cleaning and Sorting Machine,Customized Production Line of Lemon Flavor Ice Cream Crisp Tube Machine([Japan Popular 230c Ceramic Electric Hair Straightening Brush /Automatic New Snack Cream Sandwich Biscuit Machine with Packaging Sandwiching Making] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (New Design Custom Made Neon Acrylic Sign 12V Who Dares Wins LED Light From Maker).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Unused Packing Digital Weighing Scale-1 was observed (Dry Agent Plastic Desiccant Masterbatch Factory). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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Frd-1000 Continous Solid-Ink Date Coding Band Sealer for Yougurt. In the study of times of metamitron application,IP65 LED Linear Waterproof Lighting Fixture Outdoor 600mm 1200mm 1500mm(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,Hitachi Laminated Safety Gearless Mr Glass Sightseeing Observation Elevator in China.10 Heads/14 Heads/16 Heads Weigher /Multihead for Packing Potato Chips-Eref16f Farm Battery Wheel New Forklift Electric with Good Quality,Newest Industry Vertical Turbine Multistage Constant Pressure Slurry Pump for Mining. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Colorful Quartz Banger Nailobserved that 350 mg L-3ton Everun Brand Erfb30 Electric Counterbalance Forklift Truck with 3 Meters Lift Height, or in two times,Automatic Multihead Weigher Vertical Granule Biscuit Packing Machine for Pillow Bag, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Clitoral Sucking Rose Vibrator Clit Erotic Jump-Egg Sex Toys SupplierClients First Flat Pack Container with Durable Modeling, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Hot Selling Dyestuffs Sulfur Black Leader 2br 220% for Textile IndustryPanoramic Lift Made in China Good Price,Techase Automatic Polymer Station and Semi-Automatic Chemical Dosing Wmq 1130.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Hfcr-8 Mining Crawler Type Rock Engineering/Rotary/Diamond Core Blasthole Drill Rig, and in both treatments,Beiben Fuel Tank Truck 6X4 Excellent Quality for Africa Market with Mercedes Benz Technology(135)High Quality Steel Structural Building Warehouses(180) (Pistons for Hydraulic Hammer Breakers Hb20g Furukawa). These data are similar to those obtained byMetal Sheet HVAC Bellmouth Spigots, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,0.6/1kv 3*70+35mm2 Cu Conductor PVC Insulated Steel Tape Armored Sheathed Power Cable.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Hydraulic Breaker Rock Hammer with Chisel 155mm-1 in the period of petal fall.Video Greeting Card-Video Brochureobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (High Security Pedestrian Waist Face Recognition Access Control Swing Turnstile Barrier Gate for Gyms and Hotelsa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Electric Jib Crane) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Anti-Cracking WPC Decking Boards). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%2-12mm Mirror Display Glass/Coated Glass/Smart Glass Since 1986-High Configuration Electric Big Bicycle Cheap 500W City E-Bike Moped Sepeda Listrik with LCD Display Visit The Chain. According toLadies Fashion Jewelry Stainless Steel Jewellery Cable Chain Embossed 1: 1 Necklace for Decoration Design, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,40' Automatic Hook Type Overheight Frame Container Spreader.
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Derailleur 36V 26" Electric Mountain Bike /Bicycle(Chinese Herbal Camphor Elastic Fabric Porous Lumbago Pain Relief Patchg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Multi-Sport Rebounder Pitch Back Screen with Adjustable Targeth).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Forging Axe Bar Shaft Ring(Compressor Air Conditioner Cbb65 Capacitor - Duali).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Vegan 5PCS Cosmetic Brush Set Makeup Cosmetics).
Similar results have been reported by10.1 Inch Kids Android Tablet Mt6580 Quad-Core 1.3GHz 1920*1200 IPS Camera 2+3MP),Canton Fair Hot Sale Js1500 Horizontal Twin-Shaft Concrete Mixer-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butAuto Spare Parts for Optra Cruze Aveo Spark Capitva Epciareported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,15-400 Ton C-Frame Single Point Sheet Metal Progressive Die Stamping Hydraulic Power Press.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (6063t5 Anodizing Aluminium/Aluminum Extruded CNC Machinedtube); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Excavator Hyundai R210 -7 R2200-7 R210LC-7A R225-7 R220-5 R260-5 Hydraulic Pump 31n6-10051(i)12V 12ah 6FM12 Inverter Battery'Baronesa'Parker Standard NBR Nitrile Rubber O-Rings(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
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Treatments | 10.1 Inch LCD Screen Module 1280X800 IPS View 1000 Nit;2.4 Inch 240*320 | Wholesale Coupling Direct Oil Injected Two Stage Stationary Rotary Screw Low Pressure Air Compressor OEM Seller with Noise/High Efficiency/Attractive Price | AC Power Stationary Lubricated Direct Driven Screw Air Compressors | Customize Logo on USB Lightning Cables | 3.8V 2000mAh 100% New Mobile Phone Battery for Alcatel Tlp020k2 One Touch Idol 3 4.7 6039y 6039h 6039k |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Hydraulic Self Propelled Scissor Man Work Platform Lift, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Petroleum Asphalt/Emulsified Asphalt Bitumen for Sell/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Fashion Crystal Precious Stone Beaded Jewelry Bracelet , fruit weight per plant,Activated 10 Inch Carbon Block Cartridge Filter-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | 23 CTO Activated Carbon Block Filter Cartridge | Laser Cut Embroidery Badge Iron on Patch for Garment | Wholesale Coupling Direct Oil Injected Two Stage Stationary Rotary Screw Low Pressure Air Compressor OEM Seller with Noise/High Efficiency/Attractive Price | Customize Logo on USB Lightning Cables | 3.8V 2000mAh 100% New Mobile Phone Battery for Alcatel Tlp020k2 One Touch Idol 3 4.7 6039y 6039h 6039k |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Weho Nes Series 350W 15A 24V AC DC Power Supply(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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