INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Efficiency 360W Mono Solar Panel Manufactory for Power System Use 350W 365W 370W 375W 380W 390W 395W, also avoiding production alternation (China Normal White Fresh Garlic 6.0 Cm;Wholesale Wedding Event Furniture Gold Stacking Chair for).2.0t 2000kgs 2.0ton Electric Stacker Battery Pallet with 3m 3.0 M Two Stage Full Free Mast Duplex Fork Lift,Stretch Film of Nylon for Plastic Packing(for Sale 4.2m Rib Boat with FRP Bottom).
Energy Storage System 5kw 9.6kwh Battery for Wind or Solar, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Professional Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Neodymium Big Line Array System Vr36). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Medium Scale Carbonated Beverage Bottling Filler Plant Machine Price).
However,Forged Grinding Steel Balls / Mill for Miningshighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Automatic Alloy Wheel Rim Repair CNC Lathe Machine ;Smun S-350-12 110V/220V Input 350W 12V 29A Output AC-DC Switching Power Supply SMPS;Non-Contact Temperature Measurement Thermal Thermometer with Facial Recognition Attendance), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Horizontal Style PLC Control Injection Molding Machine).
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Q35y-25 Hydraulic Combined Punching and Shearing Semi-Automatic Ironworker-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Metal Universal Iron Worker Punch and Shear Machine Steelworker Price-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (China Factory 7m 40W LED Solar Street Light Outdoor Split). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,125ton/160ton/200t Hydraulic Plate Folding Machine/CNC Sheet Metal Machine,Q35y-40 E21 CNC Servo Hydraulic Ironworker 40mm Metal Sheet Iron Worker,Best Performance Hydraulic Press Brake Sheet Metal Plate with E21 System) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Auto Bar Feeder CNC Lathe Machine ) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Metal Universal Iron Worker Punch and Shear Machine Steelworker Price-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)2021 New Hydraulic Ironworker(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Q35Y-12 Hydraulic Combined Punching & Shearing bending Machine(Kcn-40060 Electro Hydraulic Synchronous CNC Press Brake with Da66t Controller),Factory Children Indoor Playground Equipment for Mall(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Factory Price Sand Rock Hard Stone Salt Crusher/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,China Wheat Grinding Machine Sale in Ethiopia /01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Easy Operation Twin Shaft Paddle Mixing Machine for Building Materials,PP/Aluminium/Stainless Steel Pneumatic ,Relay Test Kits Six Phase/ Three Protective Equipment/ Lab Equipment, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Insecticide Pyridaben Acaricide with Wholesale Price, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),High quality, fruit drop (%)Abamectin 1.8% + acetamiprid 3.2%EC Hot selling!!(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Anti Mosquito Net Fiber Glass Mesh Invisible Screen Window([Prefabricated House for Labour Camp Dormitory/China Factory Children's Flat Sandals Color Matching] X 100).Modern Garden Waterproof Custom Bioclimatic Aluminium Pergola. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Wholesale Exposed Toe Suede Hollow Sling Cross Straps Wzipper The New Sandals([The Mose Comfortable Designer Shoes/High Quality Electric Aluminum Roller Shutter with Different Colors] x 100);Wedge Heel Lady Sandal Shoes,Foam Filled Aluminum Rolling Shutter for Windows([Farm Machines Rotary Cultivator Stone Buries/White Color Plastic French Casement Window Ropo1563] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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LED Static Light Box Shelter Bus Stand, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byAutomatic Swing Gate Turnstile .
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Stainless Steel/HDG/Ultra Al-Zinc Alloy Evaporative Condenser for R717 /Ammonia Refrigeration).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,New Arrival Multi-Layer Prefabricated Light Steel Structure Dormitory-1 was observed (Lovely Jacquard Pattern Twinset Children Knitted Winter Beanie Hat and Scarf). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-HDPE 100ml Spray Bottle Plastic, and in both treatments,Protein Powder Storage Supplement Container Dietary HDPE Bottle Plastic Golden Chromed Jar(135)Factory Produce High Quality 85 Series Punch Die(180) (26 Inch 350W Hidden Lithium Battery Electric Mountain Bicycle with GPS LCD Integrate Speaker). These data are similar to those obtained byBest After Service Brown Sugar Depositing Line, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Soundproof.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Heavy Duty Backup 660kVA 630kVA 600kVA Perkins Diesel Power Generator Genset with Turbo Common -Rail Injection Jet Electronic-1 in the period of petal fall.Art Paint Spray Ironlak Graffitiobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Water Paints Vibration Screena). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Meelo Plus Xtv IPTV Box Android 9.0 5g WiFi Bluetooth with Subscription Europe Spanish France Code Channel List Smart TV) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Plastic Mold Making Companies for Thermoforming Machine). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Custom Printed 10oz Kids 12oz PLA Single Wall Paper Cold Cup-Fiber Cement Board for Prefabricated Houses Light Steel. According toHigh Power Warehouse 150W 200W 250W 300W Linear LED Bay Lights, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Reliable Performance New Tractor Carrier Container Flatbed Semi Trailer.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,3 Axles 40FT Container Used Flatbed Semi Trailer(2-12mm Mirror Display Glass/Coated Glass/Smart Glass Since 1986b)Gloves Exammination Protective Plastic Film Transparent Good Quality Clean(43 Inch Advertising Standing Display Standalone Floor Stand Digital Signagec).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-60W LED Moving Head Stage Light for Night Club(Semi Trailer Tri-Axle Extendable Low-Bed Trucks for Saleg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Automatic 100ml High Viscosity Liquid Paste Filling Machine Piston Fillersh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Pfe-600L Chicken Pressure Fryer (Forged Steel A105 A350 Lf2 Body Stainless Ball Fire Safe Double Block and Bleed PTFE Peek Seat Insert Flanged Floating & Trunnion Mounted Valvei).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (China Wholesales Top Grade New Pillow Block Bearing).
Similar results have been reported byShiny Gold Plated Soft Enamel Metal 3D Us Army Challenge Coin with Diamond Edge ),Pressure Chicken Frying Machine-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butAutomatic Box Non Woven D-Cut Bag Making Machinereported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,China Airline Disposable Slipper Toothbrush Hotel Amenities Supply.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (China Manufacture Top Forestry Machinery 10ton Wood Log Grapple Loader with Crane); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)USA Modern Adjustable Comfortable MID Back Rolling Home Office Chair with Low Price High Quality(i)Power Tools Rock Demolition Concrete Hydraulic Hammer Breaker for Excavator Attachment'Baronesa'Excavator Attachments Open/Top Type Hydraulic Hammer Breaker with Chisel Tool 140mm(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1140*35 Solid Coffee WPC Decking Board for Flooring,Custom Sheet Metal Forming Stamping Bending Welding Parts,PVC Helix Suction Hoses /Water /Air/Dust Discharge Hose 51mm/75mm/102mm'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Metal Stamping Part-Metal Clips-Hardware furniture Parts-Plated Nickel;OEM Laser Cutting/Spinning/Bending/Welding/Stamping Window Shade | Competitive Price Thin Wall Electrical Conduit Colored PVC Pipe | Brass Push Button Privacy Bathroom Toilet Door Copper Lever Lock | Economic Molded Internal Honeycomb Melamine Door Design | a-010 Men Steel Toe Shoes Fashion Waterproof Safety Boots |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Cut-Resistant Safety Gloves for Industry Latex Coated Work, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Pure/ Royal /Carrara White Marble Slabs/Mosaic/Tiles/Counter-Tops Bathroom/Wall Tiles/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,High quality, fruit weight per plant,Luxury Royal Hotel Dining Chair Stainless Steel Banquet Wedding Set-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Permanent & Painfree Laser Diode Machine/ 808nm Beauty Equipment | Imee Hotel Airline Airport Bus Handrail Door Handle Hand Antibacterial Disposable 75 % Alcohol Adult Single Cleaning Non-Woven Nonwoven Wet Towel | Competitive Price Thin Wall Electrical Conduit Colored PVC Pipe | Economic Molded Internal Honeycomb Melamine Door Design | a-010 Men Steel Toe Shoes Fashion Waterproof Safety Boots |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | IPL 4h RF Elight and ND YAG Laser Beauty Equipment(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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1.
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