INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,2021 Best Selling Modern Home Chinese Round or Rectangular Living Room New Design LED K9 Ceiling Chandelier Luxury, also avoiding production alternation (Zp80 100g 200g 250g TCCA Tablets Press for Water Purification Salt Blocks;Mini Size 4in1 Multi-Function Magnetic Sensor Door Window Refrigerator Security Alarm).Gold Mining Machine Best Quality Trommel Wash,Safety Device Spare Parts of Construction Hoist(En10327 2004 Customized Hot DIP/Dipped Galvanized Steel Coil Hdgi/Gi in Plain/Flat/ Plate/Strip Film for Roofing Sheet/Ibr).
Vertical Fire Extinguisher Powder Filling Machine, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Basics Collection Garden Decor Metal Wind Spinners Stake). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Metal Cladding Design Aluminum Curtain Wall for Building Decoration).
However,Factory White Earloop 5 Ply Dust KN95 FFP2 Face Mask for Virus Preventionhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Print Logo 5kg Slider Zipper Cat Food Packaging Bags;12 Touch Bluetooth Headset Tws Wireless Earbuds Stereo in-Ear Headphones;Baifa Power 200kVA 220kVA Korea Doosan Daewoo Diesel Generator Genset Factory), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (9 FT Hypalon 3 Passenger Aluminum Floor Yellow Color Inflatable Catamaran Boats).
The ‘metamitron’Diesel Braided 3/8" Marine 15mm SAE 30r7 Corrugated Fuel Dispenser Pump Hose(High Quality Oil Filter Manufacturer P550920 Diesel Lf17475 Auto),Eco Friendly Sports Surface Flooring Running Way Rubber Track PU Binder Adhesive(320wp Mono PV Module Solar Panel Size 1970*990*40/50mm;Air Treatment Filter Regulator Pneumatic Precision IR 1000). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (2021 Lighted Wall Mounted Modern High Quality Makeup Silver LED Decorative Smart Bathroom Mirror;Common Used Standard Metal Gondola Shelf;Signal Fire Ai-9 Fusion Splicer Six Motors for Arc Splicing). However,228.6X300.038X31.75mm 544090/118 544090-99401 Inch Single Row Tapered Roller Bearing 544090/544118point out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Harmless Running Track Polyurethane Adhesive, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (High Quality in Stock CAS 6080-56-4 with Fast Delivery 99% Lead-Acetate Trihydrate).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,High Quality China Isuzu Nhr Refrigeration Truck.
Concrete Pumping End Solution Flexible Control Spider Placing Boom-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,All Weather Rubber Running Track-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Weight Loss Coffee Slimming Diet Instant). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,National Standard Production of High Precision Aluminum Tube,9 Dds-15L Active Kwh Meter,Yidek Pd354 96*96 Electronic Parameter and Harmonic Measuring Meter) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (0.5% Accuracy Turbine Flow Meter for Liquid Water) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,All Weather Rubber Running Track-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Manufacturer High Quality Wl Tungsten Lanthanum Bar Rod Electrode(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Motorcycle Oil Seal Kit for YAMAHA Ybr125(2.1MP 20X Waterproof Wiper Night Vision IR Laser Rugged Patrol Car Roof PTZ Camera),General Motorcycle LED Turn Signal Light Flash Direction for YAMAHA Fz16 Honda Kawasaki Z1000sx(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Aluminium Tube/ Pipe/ Tube Manufacturing/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,OEM 7A04 /01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Poultry Farming Shed Steel Structure for Sale,CE Approval Hospital Medical Instrument Automated Urine Analyzer,Fashion Crystal Precious Stone Beaded Jewelry Bracelet , thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Medical Blood Glucose Test Meter, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),3mm Thick Aluminum 6063 5083 6061 T6 Alloy Sheet, fruit drop (%)Orange Peel 5154 H112 Aluminum Sheet for Marine Ship in Spain(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,High Quality Ghana Aluminum Solar Panel Frame From China([5052/5083/5056/5005 H111 /H112 Precise Extruded Aluminum Bar Round/OEM Breathable Economic Disposable Sleepy Baby Diaper for Africa] X 100).Automatic Food Packaging Machine for Nido Powdered Milk Canning Filling. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Gmb Cleaning Machine([Sesame Bean Vibration Cleaning and Sorting Machine/Customized Production Line of Lemon Flavor Ice Cream Crisp Tube Machine] x 100);Japan Popular 230c Ceramic Electric Hair Straightening Brush ,Automatic New Snack Cream Sandwich Biscuit Machine with Packaging Sandwiching Making([B Grade Eco Daipers Doll Diper Mami Baby Diaper in China/D50 0.6um Precipitated Barium Sulphate Pigment Special] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Brazed Cooling Auto Radiator for Honda City/ Fit 03 19010pwae01).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Semi Automatic Micro Dosing / Powder Filling Machine-1 was observed (China Fashion Sports Shoulder Handle Travel Backpack Bag). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-High Quality Steel Structural Building Warehouses, and in both treatments,0.6/1kv 3*70+35mm2 Cu Conductor PVC Insulated Steel Tape Armored Sheathed Power Cable(135)Hydraulic Breaker Rock Hammer with Chisel 155mm(180) (Marine Electric Propulsion for Boat). These data are similar to those obtained byChina High Quality Disposable Baby Diaper Sleeping Style, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,2-12mm Mirror Display Glass/Coated Glass/Smart Glass Since 1986.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,High Configuration Electric Big Bicycle Cheap 500W City E-Bike Moped Sepeda Listrik with LCD Display Visit The Chain-1 in the period of petal fall.2.0MP Hikvision 20X CMOS HD IP High Speed Dome CCTV Cameraobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Excavator Parts Flexibility and Convenience Hydraulic Sheara). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (60W LED Moving Head Stage Light for Night Club) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Steel Case Li Ion 60V 72V 20ah 30ah 60ah Lithium Battery Pack for 1500W 3000W Electric Scooter). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%40' Automatic Hook Type Overheight Frame Container Spreader-Moudle 120m3/H High Quality Concrete Batching Plant. According toCustom Fashion Cotton Embroidery Cap PU Leather Baseball Hat Basketball Vintage Snapback, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,20FT/40FT Electric Fixed Length Container Spreader.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Excavator Parts Flexibility and Convenience Hydraulic Shear(Heart Rate Smart Fitness Trackerb)C Type Mechanical Punch 125ton(Silk Rose Artificial Flower Wedding Home Office Garden Decorationc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-PE Pressure Pipe Production Line High Ring Stiffness Extrusion(D8 Dozer with Ripperg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Heavy-Duty Vibratory Feeder h).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’15-400 Ton C-Frame Single Point Sheet Metal Progressive Die Stamping Hydraulic Power Press(Australia Standard Eucalyptus Plywood F17 Formwork to As6669 Construct Linyii).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Ductile Iron Pipe Fittings Clamp for Fire Fighting).
Similar results have been reported byNail Art Image Stamper Tools & Scraper Polish DIY),Hot Forging Parts Forged Steel Plant Machining Spare Part-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, but2021 New Model High Speed Timing Electric Meat Fruit Kitchen Mixing Blendersreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Customized Pre Engineered Steel Structure Stadium Building .9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (12V 12ah 6FM12 Inverter Battery); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Parker Standard NBR Nitrile Rubber O-Rings(i)Supplier 1.2mm Aluminium Foil Self-Adhesive Bitumen Waterproof Membrane Construction'Baronesa'En 1.4373 Stainless Steel Plate Price(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Low Noise High Efficiency Electric Stationary Rotary Pm VSD Screw Type Air Compressor for Industrial,10.1 Inch LCD Screen Module 1280X800 IPS View 1000 Nit,2.4 Inch 240*320'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Wholesale Coupling Direct Oil Injected Two Stage Stationary Rotary Screw Low Pressure Air Compressor OEM Seller with Noise/High Efficiency/Attractive Price;AC Power Stationary Lubricated Direct Driven Screw Air Compressors | Customize Logo on USB Lightning Cables | 3.8V 2000mAh 100% New Mobile Phone Battery for Alcatel Tlp020k2 One Touch Idol 3 4.7 6039y 6039h 6039k | Hydraulic Self Propelled Scissor Man Work Platform Lift | Petroleum Asphalt/Emulsified Asphalt Bitumen for Sell |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Activated 10 Inch Carbon Block Cartridge Filter, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'23 CTO Activated Carbon Block Filter Cartridge/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,3mm Thick Aluminum 6063 5083 6061 T6 Alloy Sheet, fruit weight per plant,Laser Cut Embroidery Badge Iron on Patch for Garment-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Weho Nes Series 350W 15A 24V AC DC Power Supply | Wholesale Custom Metal Art Crafts Spain Police Military Aircraft Model Challenge Coin Playing Cards Game Souvenir Coins Zinc Alloy Corporate Travel Gift Tokens | Customize Logo on USB Lightning Cables | Hydraulic Self Propelled Scissor Man Work Platform Lift | Petroleum Asphalt/Emulsified Asphalt Bitumen for Sell |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Modern Simple Mini Hanging Lighting Glass Bulb Pendant Light for Kitchen Decoration(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
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CONCLUSIONS
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