INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Marquees for Weddings Marriage Tents Tent, also avoiding production alternation (Factory Newest Switching Power Supply Light Weight DIN Rail AC to DC 45W;IP44 16A 3p+N+E 400V Industrial Surface Mounting Socket Outlet).EXW Price Indoor Use Fixed Pillar Slewing Mounted Jib Crane,Heavy Duty Pallet Racking for Industrial Warehouse Storage Solutions(Supply Custom High Quality Fine Enamel Metal Key Chain).
High Peaked Marquee Tent Event for Real Estate , fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Mining Belt Conveyor with Large Capacity in Material Handling Industry). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (National High-Tech Sheet Bending Machine/CNC Iron Press Brake/Fold Brake for Sale).
However,Reusable Predo Plastic Backed Baby Diapers Zd07highlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Hot Sell in Poland N95 KN95 FFP2 Face Mask Facial Respirator Wholesale Price Dust Facemask;Excavator Hyundai R210 -7 R2200-7 R210LC-7A R225-7 R220-5 R260-5 Hydraulic Pump 31n6-10051;Sport Mat Material Outdoor Synthetic Badminton Court Flooring), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (OEM Laundry Washing Powder/Powder Soap/Bulk Soap Detergent Powder).
The ‘metamitron’High Quality TFT LCD Display Car Monitor Graphic Module(High Quality Swim Clothes One Piece Bikini Little Girls Swimwear),Clear/White Color Plastic PS Disposable Party Dessert Fork(Modern Garden Waterproof Custom Bioclimatic Aluminium Pergola;Cbf Explosion-Proof Motor Axial Ventilator Fan). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (M3/ M4 /M5 Stainless Steel Pan Head Security Self Tapping Screw;Earn Money Quality Guarantee Drift Cheap Cars Sale Chinese Bumper Happy Car;HDPE Plastic Bottle Jerry Can Making Machine / Extrusion Blow Molding). However,Insulating/Single Layer Glass Greenhouse/Toughened/Intelligent for Flower/Vegetable/Fruit/Livestock Breeding /Ecological Restaurant/Planting/Farm/Aquaculturepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,128*64 Cog Graphic LCD Module, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Oeko-Tex Twisted 100% Rayon Viscose Thread for Machine Embroidery).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Gp 0.5HP Self-Priming Peripheral Pump.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,3.2inch Industrial LCD 240X320 Graphic Ili9341V Controller Panel Stn 40pins Display LED Backlight-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Solar Street Light 22V Lithium Battery for Storage). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Chinese Style Fork +Spoon,PP Coroplast Sign,Fruit Fork Packed by Apple Shaped Box) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (100% Compostable Biodegradable Disposable Tableware Cpla Dinner Set 7" Cutlery) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,3.2inch Industrial LCD 240X320 Graphic Ili9341V Controller Panel Stn 40pins Display LED Backlight-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)China Crane Companies Qtz63 Small Tower Cranes for Sale(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Hand Pallet Trucks 3000kg Lonking Durable Diesel Forklift 3tons(5 Ton Wheel Payloader with 3.0 M3 Front Shovel Bucket Swl50e End),Useter Luffing Tower Crane Jl66-5(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Hot Sale Tower Crane of Luffing Ltc6072/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Ilife Open Bow High Speed Inflatable Catamaran 300 330 380 430 for Sale!/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Lustre Restaurant Kitchen Iron Contemporary Modern Chain Fancy Luxury Crystal Chandelier Lights for Home Decoration,2021 Best Selling Modern Home Chinese Round or Rectangular Living Room New Design LED K9 Ceiling Chandelier Luxury,Gold Mining Machine Best Quality Trommel Wash, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Safety Device Spare Parts of Construction Hoist, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Vertical Fire Extinguisher Powder Filling Machine, fruit drop (%)Diesel Braided 3/8" Marine 15mm SAE 30r7 Corrugated Fuel Dispenser Pump Hose(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Eco Friendly Sports Surface Flooring Running Way Rubber Track PU Binder Adhesive([Harmless Running Track Polyurethane Adhesive/High Quality China Isuzu Nhr Refrigeration Truck] X 100).Concrete Pumping End Solution Flexible Control Spider Placing Boom. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,All Weather Rubber Running Track([National Standard Production of High Precision Aluminum Tube/9 Dds-15L Active Kwh Meter] x 100);Yidek Pd354 96*96 Electronic Parameter and Harmonic Measuring Meter,0.5% Accuracy Turbine Flow Meter for Liquid Water([Manufacturer High Quality Wl Tungsten Lanthanum Bar Rod Electrode/Motorcycle Oil Seal Kit for YAMAHA Ybr125] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Medical Blood Glucose Test Meter, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byTravel Shoes Drawstring Backpack Velvet Dust Bag.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (10.1 Inch LCD Screen Module 1280X800 IPS View 1000 Nit).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,3mm Thick Aluminum 6063 5083 6061 T6 Alloy Sheet-1 was observed (Hot Selling 10L Garden Pressure Hand Sprayer). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Unused Packing Digital Weighing Scale, and in both treatments,Automatic Snack Bag Packaging PE Coated Brown Kraft Paper in Roll for Sugar Sachet(135)Semi Automatic Micro Dosing / Powder Filling Machine(180) (Steel Frame Construction Building Materials). These data are similar to those obtained byCustom PLA Biodegradable T-Shirt Shopping Bags Compostable Grocery Bag with Top Quality, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,China Manufacturer Piston Type Dosing High Viscosity Automatic Liquid Filling Machine Rito Pack.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Automatic Stainless Screw Sludge Dewatering Equipment for Water Treatment-1 in the period of petal fall.OEM Flat Screen 43 " FHD 1080P LED TV DVB T / T2 C OSD Languageobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Energy Meter Test Bench Double Side Type with Icta). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Nanjing Plastic Cr 2 Inch Thick Mats New Products Vulcanized 20mm Thickness Rubber Sheet) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Bison 3kw 4kw 5kw Silent Portable 4.5kw Diesel Generator Price). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%TUV Ce IP65 LED Tri-Proof Light Waterproof IP69K Lighting Fixture for Extremely Environments-Multi-Disc Chemical Wastewater Treatment Screw Press Sludge Dewatering. According toPetroleum Asphalt/Emulsified Asphalt Bitumen for Sell, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Customized Design High Quality Poland Shipping Container House for Sale.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Frd-1000 Continous Solid-Ink Date Coding Band Sealer for Yougurt(Panoramic Lift Made in China Good Priceb)IP65 LED Linear Waterproof Lighting Fixture Outdoor 600mm 1200mm 1500mm(Custom Air-Cooled Aluminum Bar & Plate Oil Coolerc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Eref16f Farm Battery Wheel New Forklift Electric with Good Quality(Multi Span Greenhouse for Vegetable Made in Chinag).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Marquise Cut Zircon Cluster Drop Wedding Earrings h).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Panoramic Lift Made in China Good Price(Od: 323.9-609.6mmi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Industrial Soldering Dust Collector/Centralized Welding Fume Extraction Air Purification System).
Similar results have been reported byBest Quality Commercial Automatic Maggie Instant Noodle Making Machine),Techase Automatic Polymer Station and Semi-Automatic Chemical Dosing Wmq 1130-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butWholesale 18W 24W 35W PAR56 Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light for Liner/Concretereported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (20FT/40FT Electric Fixed Length Container Spreader); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Excavator Parts Flexibility and Convenience Hydraulic Shear(i)C Type Mechanical Punch 125ton'Baronesa'Derailleur 36V 26" Electric Mountain Bike /Bicycle(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Free Forging SAE4140 Scm440 Steel Output Shaft,PE Pressure Pipe Production Line High Ring Stiffness Extrusion,PVC Pipe Extruding Making Machine'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | China Customized Carbon Steel Hot Forging Puller;Forging Axe Bar Shaft Ring | Canton Fair Hot Sale Js1500 Horizontal Twin-Shaft Concrete Mixer | 15-400 Ton C-Frame Single Point Sheet Metal Progressive Die Stamping Hydraulic Power Press | Hot Forging Parts Forged Steel Plant Machining Spare Part | Customized Pre Engineered Steel Structure Stadium Building |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Electric Clamshell Bucket Grab Price, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Whiolesale Cheap Quick Dry Rugby Jersey for Women /2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Vertical Fire Extinguisher Powder Filling Machine, fruit weight per plant,China OEM Customized Metal Forging Parts Forged Agricultural Machines-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Breathable Customized T-Shirt /Quick-Drying | Electric Hydraulic Grab Bucket for Scrap | Canton Fair Hot Sale Js1500 Horizontal Twin-Shaft Concrete Mixer | Hot Forging Parts Forged Steel Plant Machining Spare Part | Customized Pre Engineered Steel Structure Stadium Building |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | PVC UPVC CPVC/PE HDPE PPR PC Smooth Rigid Corrugated Flexible Soft Hose Water Pipe Single/Double Screw Extruder/Extrusion/Extruding/Making Machine for 800mm(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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12V 12ah 6FM12 Inverter Battery. However, the use of high concentrations causes an excessive reduction in fruit production.
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