INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Ground Drilling Machine Specially Recommended Dl-360, also avoiding production alternation (Luxury Personalized Hotel Cosmetic Amenities;Y81f- 160A Turn out Metal Baler Hydraulic Baling Press /Hydraulic Machine Scrap).Costs of PE PP pelletizing machine,Manual Labour Peanut Planter with Fertilizer Corn Maize Soybean Seed(American Style Home Living Room Sofa Furniture Hotel Corner Sofas).
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However,Baudouin Enginehighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Good Harvest Fresh Red Qinguan Apple at Grade a;4K UHD FHD IPTV 8000+ Live 10000+ VOD UK USA Canada Spain Best in Dutch Reseller Panel Xxx M3u Hungary France Portugal Channels List;Electronic Safe Box), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (SUS 304 316 Stainless Steel Pipe Wholesale Price Cdpi1611).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Zp Machine Oval Shape Pill Mould-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Overhead Line Bare AAC ACSR Dog AAAC Aerial Drop Conductor). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,250 Ton 4 Pillar Deep Drawing Double Action Hydraulic Press with Servo System,3 Pin Connector Cable Wire Vertical Injection Molding Machine 35t,Ce China Hot Sell Cooling Pad Tunnel Door for Poultry House) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Non-Standard Roller of Cemented Carbide) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Zp Machine Oval Shape Pill Mould-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)High Quality Desktop Spoon Injection Molding Machine(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-2500t Free Forging Hydraulic Press Machine with Robotic Arm(Womens Flat Sandals Shiny Beads Design T-Strap Slip-on Elastic Dress Summer Beach Casual Esg13682),Triple Glazed Aluminium Windows with Smart Glass(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Modern Designs Enjoy Sun Ray Garden Room Outdoor Patio Roof/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Automatic Broiler Henhouse 14 Grill Chicken Feeding Pan for Sale/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Hydraulic Rubber Ground Tile Press / Mat Vulcanizer/Rubber Bricks Making Machine Machinery,1000t Kitchen Utensils Deep Drawing Press Machine,Zm-BS21 Bus Stop Station, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)China Price Wholesale Stainless Steel Rumbler 10oz 14oz 18oz 20oz 30oz 36oz 64oz Yetis Tumbler, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),0.5ton 1ton 2ton 5ton Chains Pulling Geared Monorail Travelling Girder Trolley Manual Hand Pull I Beam H, fruit drop (%)Custom Logo 20oz/30oz/14oz/ 10oz Double Wall Vacuum Tumbler Stainless Steel Insulated Cup Chinayetiprice(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Amazon Hot Selling Custom 12oz 350ml Double Wall Insulated Vacuum Stainless Steel Wine Tumbler with Lids 6oz 10oz([Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Exchang Table for Metal Cutting-3000W/Cosmetic Skin Care Packaging Orange Color Plastic Airless Press Pump Cream Jar 15g 30g] X 100).Double Wall Coffee Cups Tulip Degradable Custom Takeaway Printed Souffle Lid Cover a 3oz Big Size PE Coated Paper Cup. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Sleeveless T Shirt T-Shirt Manufacturers Kids Plain Shirts([150g White Cosmetic Pet Jar/Square Glass Bottle Olive Oil Vinegar with Lid] x 100);Rhino 17 12000,Rhinozen Power Extreme 40K Capsule([Peel off Lid Heat Seal The Plastic Cup/PU Foam Raw Materials Toluene Diisocyanate Tdi 80 20 Chemical Price] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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20L Suction Filter Lab Rotary Vacuum with Pump, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described by3G 4G WiFi Smart Payment Portable POS Terminal.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Automatic Robitic Arms Liquid Spray Production Line for Metal Product).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Good Quality&Price Manufacturer Mf DIN75 12V 75ah Car Battery-1 was observed (Auto Woodworking Machinery Edge Bander Corner Rounding Banding Machine). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Customized Laminated Engineer Veneer Hotel Door with Card Lock System, and in both treatments,Steel Frame Modular Container Home Office for Temporary Purpose(135)Ilot New Quick Install 4-Hole Spray Nozzle(180) (High Quality 100mm 370W Induction AC Gear Motor for Mixer). These data are similar to those obtained byChina Cheap Ready to Ship Stock Factory Wholesale Ce Civil Disposable KN95 Face Mask Dust, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Hot Selling 10L Garden Pressure Hand Sprayer.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Steel House Frame Prefabricated Car Garage Houses-1 in the period of petal fall.Hot Dipping Galvanized Steel Stripobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Sea Freight Container Professional Shipping From Guangzhou to Southeast Asiaa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (High Quality Diisopropylidene Mannitol Powder CAS 1707- 77 -3) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Lithium Battery Cell 3.7V 2500mAh for Pack). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Low Cost Sandwich Panel House K Type Steel Prefab for Hotel Hospital School-Sandwich Panel Prefabricated House Portable Warehouse. According toParker Standard NBR Nitrile Rubber O-Rings, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,OEM Chrome Adjustable Highway Offset Motorcycle Foot Peg Mounts Kit.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,High Speed Ditch Digger Max Ditching Depth 1400mm(Commercial Custom Interior Design Natural Jungle Land Kids Indoor Playgroundb)8L High Plastic Watering Garden Agricultural Pump Pressure Sprayer(Construction Machinery Qt4-15 Automatic Concrete Paver Brick Making Machinec).
China Wholesale Metal Crafts Gold Commemorative Old Coinevaluated the use of metamitron at concentrations ranging from 0 to 990 mg L-1 applied in the thinning of “Golden Delicious”Prefab Poultry Farm House with Automatic Equipment, and the application of 990 mg L-1 determined the reduction of 8.5% in production per plant and 35.8%400X100X 10.5mm X 12meters Type U-Shaped Steel Sheet Pile.
The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-New. Super Light Magic Soft Hose.(Jinko High Efficiency 450W PV Monocrystalline Solar Panelg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Economic Temporary Movable Mobile Modular Flat Living Room Container House Unith).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Best Design Steel Structure Building Metal Shed Prefabricated Large Span Warehouse with Long Life(Automotive Wire Harness Wrapping Tape Fleecei).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (10ml Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Buttock/Breast Injection).
Similar results have been reported byLgk7-200 CNC Air Plasma Cutting Machine),Low Alloy and High Strength Steel Plate -treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butRGB/Single Color PAR56 Underwater Swimming Pool Lightreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Anti-Climb Powder Coated Aluminum Fence for Lawn/Garden/Playground.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Chemical Epoxy Powder Coating for Elevator Painting); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Indoor Playgorund of Children Toy (i)Computerized Paint Color Mixing Machine 1K Car Coating'Baronesa'Atg Pgh Series High-Torque Helical Gears Planetary Gearbox Gear(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Guangzhou Quick Drying Car Paint Acb 1K Primer Surfacer Refinishing,Small Pirate Theme Children's Park Indoor Playground with Slides,RW63 1HP/CV 0.75kw Worm Gearmotor'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Meklon Standard Two-Component Transparent Coating Design;2-20mm Commercial Plywood with CE Certificate for Laser Cutting Handicraft and Furniture | Helical Bevel Geared Motor with Output Solid Shaft | Paper Overlad Plywood Flower Faced Fordecoration Use | Factory Price Kids Indoor Playground Facility in Qingyuan | Interior Ceramic Border Tile for Wall |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,0.5ton 1ton 2ton 5ton Chains Pulling Geared Monorail Travelling Girder Trolley Manual Hand Pull I Beam H, fruit weight per plant,Automatic Hazelnut Processing Cracking Cracker Shelling Machine-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Btpb Plate Type Magnetic Machine/Magnetic Separator for Processing Wet Iron Ore | Spiral Chute | Helical Bevel Geared Motor with Output Solid Shaft | Factory Price Kids Indoor Playground Facility in Qingyuan | Interior Ceramic Border Tile for Wall |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Darlly 115mm Diameter Big Blue PP GF Pes Pleated Filter Cartridge for Drinking Water RO Prefiltration Small and Medium Size Treatment Systems(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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5.99 Inch Mpos NFC 4G Handheld Android POS Terminal. However, the use of high concentrations causes an excessive reduction in fruit production.
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