INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Good Wholesale Price for Light Truck Tyre, also avoiding production alternation (2 in 1 Integrated Air-Cooled 6.6kw EV on-Board Battery Charger;CE/GS/Euro5/EPA Approved 3500W 3000W Pure Sine Wave Portable Gasoline/Petrol Silent Generator Set).Commercial Tyre/TBR/Truck Tire 11r22.5 12r22.5 13r22.5,Wholesale Commercial Electric Bread Baking Wholesale/Commercial Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Oven Gas/Cake Price Bakers Use Rack Ovens(China Supplier Turnkey Corn Starch Plant Equipment with 3D Design).
Metal Wire Hanging Shower Caddy , fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Upgrade Models Rechargeable LED Dust Masks Glowing Color Carnival Lit Party Christmas Mask Gauze). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Stamping Punch Mould Die Pins Material Skh51 with Tin/ Ticn Dlc Coating).
However,200W Stage Sharpy 5r Lamp Beam Moving Head Lighthighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Chinese Manufacturer Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Mhec for Wall Putty;China Supplier Mima Brand Electric Heavy Duty Pallet Truck;Biodegradable Tableware Disposable PLA Trays for Fruit), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Nigeria Popular Stone Coated Metal Roofing Tile Granules Chips Aluminum-Zin Sheet).
The ‘metamitron’Copper Plating Chrome-Plating Metal Wire Bathroom Hanging Shower Caddy(Industrial 4-18m 2000kg Small Portable Hydraulic Scissors Lift with Ce),High Strength Steel Welding Wire Er100s-G 15kg /D300 Spool(Pharmacy Industry 316 Stainless Steel Magnetic Filter;China Custom Commemorative High Quality USA Sliver with No MOQ 3D Lion General Challenge Coin). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (New Style Back Printing Flannel Star Cut Flower Blanket Pajamas Home Clothes Coral Fleece Fabric Pattern Can Be Customized;Mesh Back Swivel Manager Executive Office Chair;High Quality 50t Wheat Flour Mill China Supplier ). However,High Quality Insecticide Emamectin Benzoate 95%Tc Manufacture Hot Salepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Makute Electric Planer 82mm Wood Working Cutting Tools, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (4+64GB Android 10.0 Car Multimedia Player for Chevrolet Aveo 2011-2021 GPS Navi Radio Stereo IPS Touch Screen Head Unit).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Ultra -Low Temperature Strong Cooling Glycol Small Water Chiller for Food.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,100% Healthy Baby Playing TPE&EVA Foam Sheet Interlocking Mat-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Portable DVD). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Industrial Anti-Slip Black Wide Ribbed Rubber Mats Flooring Sheets Mat,Fabric Reinforced Rubber Matting Cloth Cotton Nylon Insertion Mat,Anti Slip Safety Interlocking Hollow Rubber Floor Mats for Deck/Boat/Outdoor/Kitchen) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Molded 3D Mats EVA Car Mat Rubber Floor) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,100% Healthy Baby Playing TPE&EVA Foam Sheet Interlocking Mat-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Self Leveling Metallic Epoxy Resin and Hardener for Floor/ Flooring(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-3mm 4mm Clear Cast Acrylic Glass Sheet Plexiglass in Dining Hall(Wooden Grain Foam Board Mat EVA Interlocking Tiles Puzzle Wood with Borders),Ash Color Lowest Price 8mm Textured Oak Wood Laminate Flooring with White Underlayment(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-PVC Foam Board with Hard Surface for Kitchen Cabinets/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Hot Sale Good Quality Bedroom Decoration Wax Waterproof Parquet Laminate Flooring/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Modern Style Wooden Texture Laminating Floor AC3 AC4 HDF Tile PVC Flooring,Mixed Colors Grid Design Modern Flat Wooden Texture Laminating Flooring Easy to Install and Clean,Wear Resistance Customized UHMWPE Hpde PE 1000 500 Sheet, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Water-Saved Air Bubble Vegetable Fruit Washing Machine, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),High Temperature Resistance TPV, fruit drop (%)Customized White Plastic ABS / POM CNC Machining Parts(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Long Life Carbide Trenching Tools Cutter Pick Bit Kt C24([Polymer Waterproof Mortar Remarkable Waterproofing Material/Capillary Crystalline Paint Building Material Waterproof Coating] X 100).Wt -Mt303 Land Use 375kVA Electric Start Engine Generator Open/Soundproof Type Power Diesel Set with Stamford/Leroy Somer/Mecc Alte Alternator. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Waterproof Plastic Wood Texture PVC Flooring for Indoor([China Wholesales Top Grade New Pillow Block Bearing/Asahi Bearing Unit F208 F210 UC208 UCP206 Flange Units Insert Ball Pillow Block] x 100);Qiyun CE 8t 10t 12t Mobile Yard Ramp for Loading and Unloading Goods with The Forklift,Pneumatic Type Powder and Liquid Packing Machine([Yidu Chili Crushed 30% Seeds/Electric Meat Grinder] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Mini Compact Backhoe Loader 30-25, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byPrefabricated House for Labour Camp Dormitory.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Scaffold Net 1.5X6m).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Protective Full Clear Anti Virus /Fog/Splash Isolation Face Shield-1 was observed (Competitive Price with High Quality Stainless Steel Pipe in Tianjin). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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Japan White Disposable Face Mask Elastic Ear Loop 3 Ply Breathable for Anti Dust Virus Pollen. In the study of times of metamitron application,Random Length Smooth Teak Parquetry Flooring (34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,900mm Knock Down Storage Cabinet with 2 Shelf.LPG Model High Speed Centrifugal Atomizing Food Spray Dryer Machine-Baifa Power 200kVA 220kVA Korea Doosan Daewoo Diesel Generator Genset Factory,Parylene Coated Bromobutyl Rubber Stoppers. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Ink Cartridge for CISS R270/C79/C110/C90observed that 350 mg L-Screw Hand Soap Lotion Pump Spray 24mm 28mm, or in two times,24/410 Hot Selling Cosmetic Fine Mist Sprayer Lotion Pump , did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,2021 Chinese New Fresh Red Delicious FUJI ApplePipes Vessels Pneumatic Control Explosive Cleaning , although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,350kw Ultra-Low Nox Condensing Vacuum Natural Gas Hot Water BoilerHigh Maltose Powder for Confectionery Foods Addtitives,Brass Nipple Plug for Mold Components.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Lotion Bath Cream Pump Material Fine for Plastic Glass Bottle, and in both treatments,Vegetable Oil Powder for Milk Replacement(135)High Bfe Disposable Anti Virus Civil Face Mask in Stock(180) (Calcined Anthracite Coal Carbon Additive for Steel Making). These data are similar to those obtained bySnr Bearing GB12438 GB12438s01 Dac356535zz Ba2b443952 Wheel for KIA Renault, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,200m 300m 500m Borehole CCTV Camera Water Well Inspection.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Automotive Parts-1 in the period of petal fall.Tile Grout Additives Industrial Chemicals HPMCobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Biodegradable and Compostable Custom Logo Printed Courier Mailing Bagsa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (New Arrival Multi-Layer Prefabricated Light Steel Structure Dormitory) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Railway Shoulders Made in Iron Casting for Building). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Manufacturers 24mm 28mm Cosmetic Plastic Screw Flip Top Cap-P6 High Definition 1080P Full Color Giant Outdoor LED Advertising Sign. According toPCB and PCBA Manufacturer for Tablet PC Smart Phone, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Food Contact Float Plastic Foam Liquid Level Detect.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Factory White Earloop 5 Ply Dust KN95 FFP2 Face Mask for Virus Prevention(Z4612 Paper Coffee Cup Carriers - to Go Rectangle 2-Cupb)28mm High Quality Hand Trigger Sprayer with Confortable Wrench(PP Geotextile Fabric for Highwayc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-High Definition P5 960*960mm LED Waterproof Display Screen for Outdoor(Stainless Steel Kitchen Single Bowl Sink 750 Ml Large Capacityg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (2-3t/H Output Biomass Fuel Wood Sawdust Rice Husk Pelletizerh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Dedi 32inch Rotating Touchscreen Digital Signage LCD Display Advertising Player(Coin Type Supercapacitor -40c- 70c i).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (5W UV Laser Machine for Plastic Marking).
Similar results have been reported byFactory Price Support 1080P 4K Male to Aoc Dp Cable Mini Displayport),Natural Anti Aging Cbd Isolate Powder More Than 99%-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butLong Service Life Backhoe Loader Breaker Hammerreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Silver Nitrate Indelible Marker Pen with 3G Ink for Election); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)China Lockey Loto 38mm Steel Shackle Safety Padlock with Master Key(i)Automatic Micro Paddle Type Flow Switch Waterproof Max 1.5MPa Pressure'Baronesa'Steel Wheel 16.00X22.5(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1High Refresh Rate 3840Hz P6 P5 Indoor Fixed LED Module Panel,Other Motorcycle Parts Starter Clutch Bearing for YAMAHA Yzfr1,Full Digital Trolley LCD B/W Ultrasound Scanner'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | HD P3 P4 P5 Indoor Rental LED Display Screen Sign;Car Alloy Wheels with Jwl Via | High Resolution P2 P2.5 P3 Indoor LED Large Screen for Advertising Video Wall | Anti-Rodent Gjyxch-1 Core Single Mode G657A GJYXFCH G652D G657A1 A2 Indoor Fiber Optic FTTH Drop Cable | Children & Kids Disposable Protective FFP2 Ear-Loop Face Mask | Wire Length 40cm Use for LED Lighting Metal M12 5 Pin Electrical IP67/IP68 Waterproof Connector |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Biobase China High Quality Nucleic Acid Extraction System Price Testing Machine for PCR Lab, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Frozen Baby Squid/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,High Temperature Resistance TPV, fruit weight per plant,High Quality in Stock CAS 6080-56-4 with Fast Delivery 99% Lead-Acetate Trihydrate-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | IP68 Waterproof Wall Mounted ABS Plastic Remote Control RGB Lighting Pool | Factory Supply IP68 LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light | High Resolution P2 P2.5 P3 Indoor LED Large Screen for Advertising Video Wall | Children & Kids Disposable Protective FFP2 Ear-Loop Face Mask | Wire Length 40cm Use for LED Lighting Metal M12 5 Pin Electrical IP67/IP68 Waterproof Connector |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Blue Ambidextrous PVC Nitrile Blend Disposable Examination Powder Free Gloves Vinyl/Nitrile Blended(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
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CONCLUSIONS
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