INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,High Pressure Hydraulic Cylinder with Normal Temperature, also avoiding production alternation (Detergent Raw Materials Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate SLES N70;Convenient Operation).Pallet Thermal Insulated Container Cold Chain Shipping Box,Supermarket -1~5 Degree Deli Cooler for Service Counter Sushi Sandwich Display(Hot Sale Gas Lava Rock Grill ).
Factory Wholesales New Style Folding Medical 1 Function Hospital Nursing Bed Price for Sale, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Magical Medical Disposable Cannula Needle for Filler Injection). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (436 Longi Tire One Good Price Solar Panel Half Perc 144 Cells 9bb Monocrystalline Module 540W PV Energy).
However,20 410 White Black Plastic Lotion -Soap Pumphighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (12V 1.4kw Starter for Chevrolet 428000 -0460 12567709 12576163 17880;HID Kit/Lamp/Lighting/Xenon Angel Eye H4-1;Yhchem Direct Supply 33" Fully Automatic SUS316 Wiped Film Evaporator for Making Cbd Distillate), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (PC Tube / Pipe for Factory or School Warehouse with Cheap Price).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Disposable Medical Face Mask/ Dust Mask-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (High Quality and Convenient Wood Planing Machine Prices). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Commercial 4mm-6mm Thickness Spc Vinyl Flooring,Mini Electric Wire Rope Hoist 2000W PA-1200,High Quality Rapid Test Kit Saliva Sampling Antigen) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (AG -BMS003 Three Function Hospital Bed Price) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Disposable Medical Face Mask/ Dust Mask-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Hot Sale Factory Leptospira Igg /Igm Rapid Test Cassette(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Colorful Quartz Banger Nail(AG -Ecc03A High Quality Luxurious Examination Couch),Clitoral Sucking Rose Vibrator Clit Erotic Jump-Egg Sex Toys Supplier(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Cold Rolled AISI SUS 201 304 316L 310S 316ti 317 317L 321/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,High Quality China Dinner Set Porcelain Tableware Plate Bowl for Daily Use/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Video Plate Mounting Machine with Easy Operating High Precision Mounter,Convenient Operation Disposable Paper Plates/Tray/Coaster Manufacturing Machine with CE,Video Plate Mounting Machine with Easy Operating High Precision Mounter, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Gw Carbide - Tungsten Shim for Turning Insert with High Quality, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Wholesale Custom 600 Denier Nylon Durable Blue Green Purple Brwon Turquoise Waterproof Horse Sheet Coat with Adjustable Leg Straps, fruit drop (%)Antigen Saliva Test Kit (%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Face Shields Anti- Saliva Splash Dust Protector Personal Use on Subway Bus([3-Function Electric Hospital Bed AG -Bm107/Virus Collection Kit Saliva Funnel Vtm Oral and Nasal Swab] X 100).Clinical Laboratory Auto Biochemistry Analyzer. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Banded V Belt Joined Toothed V-Belt 3vx/5vx/8vx/9n/15n/9j/2AV10X/13X/17X/22X([Auto V-Ribbed Pk Belt/CE Saliva Antigen Rapid Test] x 100);WQD Series Submersible Sewage Pump with CE,Pm-PS6201 Wholesale Seal Plastic Self Locking Seals for Sale([Supply Custom High Quality Fine Enamel Metal Key Chain/Datapod Automatic Pipe Swing Gate with Fingerprint Sensor] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Walk in Freezer and Chiller Cold Storage Menu Supermarket Room, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byPhysical Pain Treatment Shockwave Shock Wave Therapy Equipment.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Pharmaceutical Equipment High Efficient Tablet Sugar Film-Coating Machine ).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Movable Nucleic Acid Detection Temperature Measurement Equipment for Pandemic-1 was observed (Polinovel 5kwh 48V 100ah Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturers). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Kynar500 PVDF Coated Aluminum Composite Material for Brazil Market, and in both treatments,3.2V 271ah 280ah Solar Wind Energy Storage LiFePO4 Prismatic Battery Cell 12V 48V Agv Forklift Tractor Vehicle(135)Body Temperature Measurement Thermal Camera System(180) (Bulldozer Parts 4t3043 End Milling Bit). These data are similar to those obtained byOEM Ce Approved All in One IP67 Customized Wattage Integrated LED Solar Street Lamp with Great Sensor Supply to Un, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Industrial Device Energy Battery.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Non-Contact Temperature Measurement Thermal Thermometer with Facial Recognition Attendance-1 in the period of petal fall.1.6mm Double Electric Concertina Barbed Wire Used for Protective Fenceobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Warning Stickers Fragile Labels Adhesive Printed Label Roll for Shippinga). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Hot Selling Core Filled Snack Food Making Machinery) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (CNC Router with Atc Device). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%103450 3.7V 1800mAh Li-Polymer Battery-Qtj4-25 Hydraform Brick Making Machine in South Africa / Adobe. According toPoultry Farming Shed Steel Structure for Sale, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Food Service Restaurant Hotel Sanitary Transparent Plastic Mouth Shield.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,2.4kwh 3kw 7s 21700 Module Powerful Portable Deep Cycle Energy 24V Lithium LiFePO4 Battery for Boat/ RV/Golf/Solar(Wholesale Factory Large Quantity in Stock 3 Layer/3 Ply/3ply Disposable Protective Blue Fashion Dust Non Woven/Nonwoven Face Facial Masks with Earloopb)New Design 36X3w RGB Waterproof LED PAR 64(CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine for Glass Leather Stone 4040 40W with Ce FDAc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-2.0MP Hikvision 20X CMOS HD IP High Speed Dome CCTV Camera(E Glass 7628 Electronic Fiberglass Fabric for Copper Clad Base Clothg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (China Customized Factory Drilling Holes Processing Partsh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’30X Sony Starlight Smart Analysis Dome IR 300m 2MP Auto Tracking PTZ Camera(Turning Parts CNC Lathe Precision Motorcycle Engine Productsi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Factory Manufacture 9.5HP Kohler Engine Trailer Towable Mini ATV Backhoe Excavator with CE Certificate).
Similar results have been reported bySodium Lignosulphonate Powder pH Value 9-12),UHMWPE Pipe Support Block UHMW PE Spacer Plastic-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, but9 FT Hypalon 3 Passenger Aluminum Floor Yellow Color Inflatable Catamaran Boatsreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Long Sleeve V Neck Back Crystal Beaded Belt Side Split Wedding Dress.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Mini Size 4in1 Multi-Function Magnetic Sensor Door Window Refrigerator Security Alarm); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)5ml Luer Lock Medical Disposable Safety Syringe with Needle(i)4 Tons Ice Block Making Machine/Ice Plant'Baronesa'Sterile Adhesive Nonwoven Surgical Wound Dressing for Ophthalmology(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
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Treatments | Garden Aluminium Picket Gate Aluminum Fence;Cold Storage Plant Refrigerated Warehouse Room Parts | Best Selling! Dengue Igg/ Igm Test Kit for Home Use Medical Health Check | Manufacture Supply Folding Side ABS Manual Economic Hospital Bed Egypt | Battery Powered 1200W Two Wheel Cheap Food Delivery Electric Scooter / Moped | Fat Tire EEC Approved Wide Wheel Scooters with Removable Battery Citycoco 1500W 2000W Electric Haley |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2E14 Ceramic Lamp Holder, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'High Quality Low Price Insertion Loss G652D/G657A1 Singlemode Duplex LC/PC-FC/PC Fiber Optic Jumper Optical Patch Cord/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Wholesale Custom 600 Denier Nylon Durable Blue Green Purple Brwon Turquoise Waterproof Horse Sheet Coat with Adjustable Leg Straps, fruit weight per plant,High Quality Low Price Insertion Loss G657A2 Singlemode Duplex LC/PC-ST/PC Fibre Optic Jumper Optical Patch Cord-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Dental Probe | Single Girder Steel Box Overhead Crane 20 Ton | Best Selling! Dengue Igg/ Igm Test Kit for Home Use Medical Health Check | Battery Powered 1200W Two Wheel Cheap Food Delivery Electric Scooter / Moped | Fat Tire EEC Approved Wide Wheel Scooters with Removable Battery Citycoco 1500W 2000W Electric Haley |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Crown Cornice/PU Carved Corner Molding/Solid Moulding(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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