INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Derailleur 36V 26" Electric Mountain Bike /Bicycle, also avoiding production alternation (Jcb Spare Parts for 3cx and 4cx Annulus Ring 450/10205;Man and Women Safety Protective Glasses Anti Fog Goggle Isolation Eye Mask Protection Eyeglasses Googles).Free Forging SAE4140 Scm440 Steel Output Shaft,PE Pressure Pipe Production Line High Ring Stiffness Extrusion(Clear Color Creative Design Glass Bowl Smoking Accessories).
PVC Pipe Extruding Making Machine, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Rect Round Shape Golden Rose Color Metal Aluminum Alloy Framed Mirror Furniture Dressing). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Soft/Hard Brush Potato Roller Washer Peeler Machine).
However,PP PE Infectious Certified to European Standards Disposable Isolation Overall Clothinghighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Wholesale Custom Different Sizes Gift Paper Bag for Clothes;Aws A5.18 Er70s-6 MIG CO2 Gas-Shielded Filler Solid Welding Wires Size: 1.0mm;Copper Plating Chrome-Plating Metal Wire Bathroom Hanging Shower Caddy), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (ASTM A519 Carbon Steel Pipe with Ce).
The ‘metamitron’China Customized Carbon Steel Hot Forging Puller(3X240 1X120 4 Core Aluminum Conductor PVC Power Cable Manufacturer with IEC Standard),Forging Axe Bar Shaft Ring(China Overhead Combined Square HDG Galvanizing Steel Water Storage Tank Factory;Modern Style Wooden Texture Laminating Floor AC3 AC4 HDF Tile PVC Flooring). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (High Quality Cold Rolling & Hot aluminum Coil/Aluminium Alloy Coil;Factory Supply Local Anesthesia Powder CAS 721-50-6 Prilocaine in Stocl for Sale Online;High Quality and Stable Metal Shelves of Supermarket Convenience Stores). However,Chinese Best Quality Price Car Tire with White Sidewall point out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Canton Fair Hot Sale Js1500 Horizontal Twin-Shaft Concrete Mixer, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Gp 0.5HP Self-Priming Peripheral Pump).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,15-400 Ton C-Frame Single Point Sheet Metal Progressive Die Stamping Hydraulic Power Press.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Customized Pre Engineered Steel Structure Stadium Building -1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (2V 1000ah Free Maintenance Type Copper Terminal Solar Battery Pack). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Electric Clamshell Bucket Grab Price,Whiolesale Cheap Quick Dry Rugby Jersey for Women ,China OEM Customized Metal Forging Parts Forged Agricultural Machines) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Breathable Customized T-Shirt /Quick-Drying) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Customized Pre Engineered Steel Structure Stadium Building -1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Electric Hydraulic Grab Bucket for Scrap(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-PVC UPVC CPVC/PE HDPE PPR PC Smooth Rigid Corrugated Flexible Soft Hose Water Pipe Single/Double Screw Extruder/Extrusion/Extruding/Making Machine for 800mm(6063t5 Anodizing Aluminium/Aluminum Extruded CNC Machinedtube),Excavator Hyundai R210 -7 R2200-7 R210LC-7A R225-7 R220-5 R260-5 Hydraulic Pump 31n6-10051(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-12V 12ah 6FM12 Inverter Battery/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Parker Standard NBR Nitrile Rubber O-Rings/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Supplier 1.2mm Aluminium Foil Self-Adhesive Bitumen Waterproof Membrane Construction,En 1.4373 Stainless Steel Plate Price,Low Noise High Efficiency Electric Stationary Rotary Pm VSD Screw Type Air Compressor for Industrial, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)10.1 Inch LCD Screen Module 1280X800 IPS View 1000 Nit, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),2.4 Inch 240*320, fruit drop (%)Wholesale Coupling Direct Oil Injected Two Stage Stationary Rotary Screw Low Pressure Air Compressor OEM Seller with Noise/High Efficiency/Attractive Price(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,AC Power Stationary Lubricated Direct Driven Screw Air Compressors([Customize Logo on USB Lightning Cables/3.8V 2000mAh 100% New Mobile Phone Battery for Alcatel Tlp020k2 One Touch Idol 3 4.7 6039y 6039h 6039k] X 100).Hydraulic Self Propelled Scissor Man Work Platform Lift. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Petroleum Asphalt/Emulsified Asphalt Bitumen for Sell([Activated 10 Inch Carbon Block Cartridge Filter/23 CTO Activated Carbon Block Filter Cartridge] x 100);Laser Cut Embroidery Badge Iron on Patch for Garment,Weho Nes Series 350W 15A 24V AC DC Power Supply([Wholesale Custom Metal Art Crafts Spain Police Military Aircraft Model Challenge Coin Playing Cards Game Souvenir Coins Zinc Alloy Corporate Travel Gift Tokens/Modern Simple Mini Hanging Lighting Glass Bulb Pendant Light for Kitchen Decoration] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Natural Stone white galaxy polished/honed/flamed/Brushed/Sawn Granite slabs for interiors/ exterior/outdoor floor/wall, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byFast Food Pea Carrot Corn Kernels Vacuum Filling Sealing Blister Packing Machine.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (China Dough Maker Pasta Divider and Rounder Processing Machine).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Iran Verde Costa Esmeralda Granite Slabs-1 was observed (ESD POM CNC Machining Parts). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Leading Export Electric Arc Furnace Smelting Graphite Electrode Np/HP/UHP, and in both treatments,PLC Control Lab Double Roll Mill Mixer(135)SSAW Pipe Production Line(180) (Astmb Standard Tungsten Heavy Alloy Sheet Plate for Sale). These data are similar to those obtained byChina Manufacture Genour Power Portable Generator 2000W 168f, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,14.9-24 R1 R2 Pattern High Quality Farm Tractor Tire Agricultural.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Steel Wire Braided Hydraulic Hose En 853 2sn 5/16 Inch-1 in the period of petal fall.Modern Designs Enjoy Sun Ray Garden Room Outdoor Patio Roofobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Virgin Brazilian Human Hair Straight Red Burgundy Women 10-26 Incha). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (LC/Upc to Sm Simplex G652D 2.0mm PVC Fiber Optic Patchcord) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (OPP Plastic Toast Bag for Packaging). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Scrap Copper Wire Is Sold Directly by Chinese Factories with High Quality and Low Price-High Purity Bulk Metal Waste Thick Copper Wire Scrap. According toFrd-1000 Continous Solid-Ink Date Coding Band Sealer for Yougurt, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Scrap Copper Wire Is Supplied by Chinese Factory Directly 99.97%.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Posco/Lisco/Tisco/ Baosteel Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Coil (Super Strength PE Braided Fishing Line 100m 500m 1000m 4 8 Strand Japanese Materialb)Inox 304 Ss Perforated Sheet Brushed No. 4 Mirror(2t 2000kg 3t 3000kg 5t 5000kg Hydraulic Pump Nylon PU Wheel Pallet Hand-Operated Jackc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Flexible Wear Resistant Dredging Hose(Trolley Jack Rubber Padg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Drying Machine for Noodle/ Industrial Use Machinery Pastah).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Custom Embossed Logo Antique Bronze Finish Metal Key Ring(Joecig Original 5.0ml Prefilled Nicotine Salt Disposable Pod Device 1500 Puffsi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (China Factory Price Customized Thickness EPDM Rubber Sheet Product).
Similar results have been reported byTire Crushing Production Line Shredding),Colorful/Halal/Vegetable/HPMC/Gelatin//Pullulan/Veggie/Hard/Plant/ Vegan Capsules-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butPlastic Film Roll for Food Packaging Nylon Filmsreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Zinc Alloy Die Cating Barrel Keyring.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Non-Stop T-Shirt Bag S Type Star Seal Garbage on Roll Machine); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Onl-G700 Automatic Soft Handle Sealing Machine with High Quality(i)Fashion Lady Handbag Women Designer Classical Wholesale Replica 'Baronesa'28mm Keruing Container Flooring Plywood(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Handmade Custom Shape Felt Handbag,Virgin Brazilian Human Hair Straight Red Burgundy Women 10-26 Inch,Professional Services From China to Canada Cargo Shipping Rate Air Freight'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | China Fashion Sports Shoulder Handle Travel Backpack Bag;Reflective Safety Hi Vis Workwear | International Air Cargo From China All City to Brazil by Professional Logistics Service | Hi Vis Safety High Visibility Fluorescent Reflective Vest | Quality 72 Inches XPE Surfboard with Reasonable Price | Self-Heating Pain Releif Patch |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Hi -Vis Class 3 Waterproof 3-in-1 Thermal Bomber Jacket Uniform Parka, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Prevent Wound Infection After Vaccination/I. V Cannula Fixing Dressing/Vaccine Patch/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,2.4 Inch 240*320, fruit weight per plant,Home Hotel Antibacterial Sanitized Microfiber Polyester Quilts Comforters-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | China Fabricated OEM Metal Machinery Parts | Australia Standard Eucalyptus Plywood F17 Formwork to As6669 Construct Linyi | International Air Cargo From China All City to Brazil by Professional Logistics Service | Quality 72 Inches XPE Surfboard with Reasonable Price | Self-Heating Pain Releif Patch |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 2oz Plastic Disposable Shot Glass(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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