INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Anesthesia Vaporizer, also avoiding production alternation (Customized Zinc Alloys Zamak Aluminum Casting Casted Part Forged Wheels Metal Froged Cast Iron Table and Chair Block Grill Plate;High Quality Plain Long Sleeve Men Gym Workout Hoodie).Fruityvape Eliquid Afterkiss Vapejuice for OEM 10ml 30ml 60ml,Food Ingredient Potassium Sorbate Granule for Baking(Rhinozen Power Extreme 40K Capsule).
China Hot Selling Machines Competitive Price Anesthesia Machine S6100A, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Sport Bluetooth Earphone Wireless Headphones with Mic). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Power Cord Plug Socket with 10A 250V Switzerland Certificate).
However,Hpsen Inboard Semi Trailer Parts13t Axle 16t Manufacturerhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (LED Solar Street Light 100W 120W 150W with Mono Poly Panel to Africa North America South Southeast Asia Europe;TUV Ce IP65 LED Tri-Proof Light Waterproof IP69K Lighting Fixture for Extremely Environments;Hot Selling Skt Zh E-Cigarette Pods Starter Kit Vape Pen 450 mAh with Lanyard Blue Puff), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (China Lower Price Radial 295/80r22.5 315/80r22.5 385/65r22.5 12r22.5 Wholesale Budget Truck Tires on Sale).
The ‘metamitron’Wholesale Price Food Grade Additives Sodium Benzoate(Factory Sale Hospital 24 Hours Working 2L Oxygen Generator Machine Concentrator),Nickel Gluconate in Drum 71957-07-8(New Style Office Metal Wood Partition;Factory Direct Straw Grass Handwoven Birdhouse for Outdoor Decor). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (LED Overhead Surgical Lights Used in Operating Room;Cream Acrylic PMMA PP 30g 30ml Cosmetic Packaging Jars Jl-Jr807;Semi Automatic Micro Dosing / Powder Filling Machine). However,Mpd Insulated Bullet Male Disconnectspoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Good Quality Screw, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Hot Selling Rear Shock Suspension 26'' Aluminum Alloy Frame MTB Mountain Bicycle).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Factory Direct Price UL Approval Tube T8.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Integrated CE RoHS T5 Tube5 LED Light Tube-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (2021 Trend Modern Modular Solid Wood Kitchen Cabinets Rta Malaysia). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Fiber Glass Fabric 771 or 792 for Mica Tape,Seat Cover/Trunk Liner - Absorbent Water Oil Mat,Waterproof PVC Plaid Fleece Picnic Mat Blanket) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Home Garden Plant Kits Small Greenhouse Hydroponics System) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Integrated CE RoHS T5 Tube5 LED Light Tube-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)T5 Integrated LED Tube 150cm 24W 6000K Lighting for Shop/Supermarket(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-80-90LM/W 3014 120LEDs/m LED Strip with UL&CE For Indoor Use(UL&SAA&TUV 150cm 24W SMD3014 Transparent/Milky Cover T8 Tubes Light),Outdoor Stainless Steel Post Glass Railing Brushed Finish(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-2014 High Quality TUV Tube8 LED Light Tube 24W /2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Modern Balcony / Staircase Stainless Steel Cable Wire Rod Railing Design/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Best Design Customized SMD 24W Ultra Slim Recessed LED Downlight,L Smart Walk Treadmill Easy Foldable Homeuse Running Walking Machine,China Good Quality Police Tactical Boots, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Weave Steel Galvanized Fram Grassland Field Farm Mesh Fence, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Fastener Factory Price M3/ M4 /M6/M8/M12 Hex Socket Button Head Machine Screw for DIN7380, fruit drop (%)Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver or Brass Diamond Pendant for Sale(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Waste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Rubber Shredder Machine([Korean Version of The New Money Ornaments Tungsten Steel Pendant 857 Gold Creative Personality Fashion Men's and Women's Pendants Tp0042/18W Glass Tube T8 LED Light] X 100).Hollow Chipboard for The Door Core. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Door Core Particleboard([Surgical Care Bandage Plaster of Paris/7525 Air Diffuser Cooling Ventilator Fan Exhaust DC Blower] x 100);Cbf Explosion-Proof Motor Axial Ventilator Fan,Single Arm for Endoscopy Medical Pendant([Newest Style Mami Nursing Disposable Breast Pads/Sunmed Bandage Products - Stockinette Bandage] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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24W T8 LED Tube with Isolation Driver, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described by55HP 2WD 4WD Farm Tractor with Discount Price Tt550 Tt554.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (20/40FT Modified Modular Prefabricated Movable Shipping Container House).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Disposable Sterilized Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle-1 was observed (Good Reputation Polyester Green Simply Dog Clothes ). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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Ethylene Oxide Gas Sterilizer Eto Sterilization Equipment Disinfector Chamber. In the study of times of metamitron application,Drill Rig / 9 1/2" (34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,High Quality Jewelry Beads Original Pendent Bangle 925 Sterling Silver Charms Bracelet Necklace for Pandora .ISO Thin Wall PVC Wire with Asymmetric Conductor -PCB and PCBA Manufacturer for Tablet PC Smart Phone,UL 1901 AWG 18 Approval Awm FEP Insulation RoHS Wire. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Wireless Car Charger Mount 15W Qi Fast Charging Auto-Clamping Windshield Dash Air Vent Phone Holder Compatible with iPhone 11/11 PRO/11 PRO Max/Xs/X/Xrobserved that 350 mg L-Twin & Earth 6242y PVC Wire, or in two times,OEM Medical Equipment Device PCB Printed Circuit Board Assembly Full Turn Key, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Dsr100 Oxygen Supply Printer Paper Sand Blast Rotary Lobe Biogas Roots BlowerWre3 Wre5 Wre25 Wre10 Wre26 Tungsten Rhenium Wire Thermocouple, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Electrical Pipe Production LineC6 S1 S2 X3 K1 2PCS Car Headlight Csp SMD Chip H7 LED Bulbs H4 H1 H8 H11 Headlamps Kit 9005 9006 for Auto 12V Lamp 12000lm,Meanwell APC-16-350 Constant Current 350mA IP42 With 2 Years Warranty 16W Single Output Switching Power Supply.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Automotive Wire Harness Wrapping Tape Fleece, and in both treatments,3 Phase 4 Core Low Voltage XLPE PVC Insulated Armoured Flexible Electric 0.6/1kv Power Cable(135)Auto Car Parts Fuel Pump Assembly for BMW 3 (180) (China Top Solar High Efficiency Monocrystalline 450W Panel). These data are similar to those obtained byFuel Dispenser Tatsuno Flow Meter, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Meanwell LPC-60-1050 60W 1050mA IP67 With Single Output Switching Power Supply.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,UL AWG 32 Coated Awm Electric FEP PFA Cable Wire-1 in the period of petal fall.Natural Lapis Lazuli Carved Bird /Raven Skull Pendant Carving #9j36observed that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (New Product Pfi-107 Ink Tank for Ipf670 Ipf680 Ipf770 Ipf685 Ipf785 Printer Cartridgea). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (O Neck Long Sleeve Shirts Fitness Thumb Hole Sweatshirt) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Colorful Park Doll Gift Machine Toy Claw Crane Vending). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%with Parallel Function 48VDC 230VAC Pure Sine Wave Solar Charger Inverter-Super Bright 12V 80W CREE White Car LED Head/Fog Light. According toWnq Brand Multi Function Bench Home Gym Equipment, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Duplex Stainless Steel MIG Welding Wire Aws E2209.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,LED Overhead Surgical Lights Used in Operating Room(Mini Laser Engraving Machine CNC Engraverb)Auto Spare Part 23300-0L020 Fuel Filter Assembly for Toyota Hilux 1kd 2kd(Diesel Braided 3/8" Marine 15mm SAE 30r7 Corrugated Fuel Dispenser Pump Hosec).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Comfortable Inguinal Hernia Belt with Soft Pads(Trenletroz'ole/Femara Anti-Estrogen Raw Steroids Powder CAS 112809 51 5g).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Brass Nipple Plug for Mold Componentsh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Bright color thermocouple wire type k 20AWG(Industrial Powder Mixer Price Paddlei).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (430HP Mine Dump Truck).
Similar results have been reported byFootball Game Festival Ornaments String National Flag),20 410 White Black Plastic Lotion -Soap Pump-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, but100 Tons Efficient Protein Skimmer for Aquaculturereported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,High Discharge Rate 24V 200ah LiFePO4 Battery for Energy Storage System.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (High Voltage 4U power supply for general purpose LAS- 230VAC -P1000-50K-4U); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Copper Scrap(i)Fully Extruded EPE Foam Thick Sheet Making/Processing Machine F0r 40 to 100mm'Baronesa'Automatic 20 Liter Liquid Bottle Liner Weighing Scale Filling Sealing Machine(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Slush Machine/Granita Machine/Smoothie Machine,Adult Electric Bicycle,Hand Sanitizer Antibacterial Liquid Dishwasher Shampoo Water Oil Glass Plastic Bottle Cream Filling Machinery Machine Liquids'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Accumulator PE Extrusion Blow Moulding Machine Making Plastic Mannequin Female Full Body /Half;Gasoline Power Sprayer 909 with 25L Tank Capacity | Hand Sanitizer Filler Equipment Diswashing Detergent Package Machine Bottle | Wholesale Low Price High Quality Vegetable Salad Dressing Sauce Mayonnaise | Semi Auto Small Bottle Liquid Filling Machine Soap | Comfortable Small Outdoor COB LED Headlamp |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Assembly Rectangular Custom Pattern Metal Wood Burning Heater Fire Pit, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Ultra Low Loss Phase Stable Flexible Coaxial Cable Assembly Harness/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Fastener Factory Price M3/ M4 /M6/M8/M12 Hex Socket Button Head Machine Screw for DIN7380, fruit weight per plant,Fcar 6 Modes Lightweight Easy Using LED Rechargeable Headlamp -bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Low Price Wheel Bearing Taper Roller Timken Lm11949/10 | Auto Parts BV50 Turbine Rotor Shaft Wheel | Hand Sanitizer Filler Equipment Diswashing Detergent Package Machine Bottle | Semi Auto Small Bottle Liquid Filling Machine Soap | Comfortable Small Outdoor COB LED Headlamp |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | GF350kc(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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