INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Competitive Price CNC Spark Erosion Die Sinking EDM Machine Znc540, also avoiding production alternation (Polyacrylamide-Based Flocculants for Solid/Liquid Separation;Vegetable Oil Powder for Milk Replacement).Cut-Resistance Flame Retardant Aramid Knitted Fabric,New Fashion Winter Beautiful Acrylic Hat for Girls(New Advanced 3D 4D Hifu / 11 Lines Skin Tightening Machine).
Men's Winter Warm Fashion Knitted Cuff Hat Cap with "Bro" 3D Embroidery, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (High Precision Aluminium Die Casting Telecommunication Parts). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (LED Light GU10 Spotlight Bulb).
However,Best for Cooling Pure Refrigerant R134A Gas R-134Ahighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Right Angle Male to 3.5mm Mono Cable;Poultry Farm Drinking System for Broiler and Breeder Chicken Birds;0.6/1kv PVC Insulated Sheathed Low Voltage Power Cable), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (GU10 4W SMD Aluminum LED Spotlight).
The ‘metamitron’1.2m Black UL 2pin T Plug Female Power Cord(Made in China 100X150 Shipping Labels Thermal Stickers),300ml Flower Foaming Hand Soap for Kids(Hot Selling Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate CAS: 151-21-3;High Quality TFT LCD Display Car Monitor Graphic Module). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Double Glazed Horizontal Aluminum Corner Bi Folding Balcony Glass Window and Best Quality;Aluminum Cylinder Head for Nissan F9q 710;Manufacturer High Quality Wl Tungsten Lanthanum Bar Rod Electrode). However,Bakery Rotary Rack Ovens for Sale Diesel-Electric-Gas Baking Oven/Nigeria Equipment /Stainless Steel Oven with Trolly and Steampoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,100ml /200ml Shampoo and Conditioner Square Lotion Bottle for Plastic Packaging, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (New Design 36X3w RGB Waterproof LED PAR 64).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Empty 100ml Round Reed Diffuser Aroma Glass Bottle.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,HDPE 100ml Spray Bottle Plastic-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Self-Adjusting Back Best Boss Executive Mesh Computer Office Chairs). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Protein Powder Storage Supplement Container Dietary HDPE Bottle Plastic Golden Chromed Jar,Factory Produce High Quality 85 Series Punch Die,Soundproof) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Heavy Duty Backup 660kVA 630kVA 600kVA Perkins Diesel Power Generator Genset with Turbo Common -Rail Injection Jet Electronic) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,HDPE 100ml Spray Bottle Plastic-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Custom Printed 10oz Kids 12oz PLA Single Wall Paper Cold Cup(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Fiber Cement Board for Prefabricated Houses Light Steel(Reliable Performance New Tractor Carrier Container Flatbed Semi Trailer),3 Axles 40FT Container Used Flatbed Semi Trailer(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Gloves Exammination Protective Plastic Film Transparent Good Quality Clean/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Chinese Sublistar DTG Printer for T-Shirt Printing/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Good Quality Factory Directly CNC Router 6090 for Wood Cutting,60W LED Moving Head Stage Light for Night Club,Ladies' Fox Fur Coat , thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Disposable Medical Cotton Bud with Plastic Stick, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Ck46p 3-Axis Slant Bed CNC Turning Center Metal Cutting Lathe, fruit drop (%)SMD LED 5050 Epistar 3 Chips Amber/Gold Yellow(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Pfe-600L Chicken Pressure Fryer ([Pressure Chicken Frying Machine/China Airline Disposable Slipper Toothbrush Hotel Amenities Supply] X 100).Hot Air Torch for Bonding Geo Composite Geomembrane. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,100 PCS or 200 in 1 Swab Natural Bamboo Cotton Buds([Titan eyeglass frame for men metal eyewear glasses/New Model Cheap PC Frame China Wholesale Optical Eyeglasses] x 100);Industrial Bacon Metal Slicer Small Slicing Machine for Sale,Electric Beaf Slicer Fresh Meat Slicing Machine([House Outdoor Project Colorful Hollow/Solid WPC Decking From China/Most Favorable Staff Portable Executive Fixed MID- Back Leather Office Chair] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Hot Selling Multi Core 23AWG Bc Outdoor FTP CAT6 Network Cable/LAN Cable).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,OEM Laser Cutting/Spinning/Bending/Welding/Stamping Window Shade-1 was observed (Hot Sell Open End Colored Lycra Spandex Acy Air Covered Yarn for Sewing). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Ladies Fashion Jewelry Stainless Steel Jewellery Cable Chain Embossed 1: 1 Necklace for Decoration Design-1 in the period of petal fall.Hybrid Laser Engraving Machine Cutting Lx-Dk6600 Used in Acrylic Products/Logo Signs/Electronics/ Furniture/ Flooring/Advertising Display/Giftobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (PP Masterbatch Kneader Granulation Machine/Plastic Extruder with Agglomerator for Recycling TPE Stranda). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Automatic Car Washing Machine Equipment) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (45 Ton High Precision Mechanical Metal Sheet Steel Punching Power Press Machine). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Fashion Accessories Cable Chain Beads Bracelet Earring Necklace for Jewelry Gift Wholesale-316L Stainless Steel Figaro Chain. According toMovable Nucleic Acid Detection Temperature Measurement Equipment for Pandemic, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Roronoa Zoro One Piece Anime Shusui Katana Sword - O Wazamono Grade Cosplay.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Inflatable Meltdown Bouncy The Last One Standing Sport Game Playground(LED DJ Light with 36PCS Chip for Wedding Party Disco Lighting Night Clubb)Aqualand 17feet Semi-Rigid Inflatable Rescue Motor/ Aluminum Foldable Deck Rubber Boat (Accumulator PE Extrusion Blow Moulding Machine Making Plastic Mannequin Female Full Body /Halfc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Ship Rubber Balloon(Real Carborn Firber 650mAh/900mAh/1100mAh Battery of E Cigaretteg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Non Woven Fabric Box Bag Making Machine with Handle Zxl-E700h).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Baltic Rib 470 B Deep V Inflatable Fishing Yacht China Large Pontoon Boats(Threaded IMC Electrical Conduiti).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Efficiency 360W Mono Solar Panel Manufactory for Power System Use 350W 365W 370W 375W 380W 390W 395W).
Similar results have been reported by2021 Nail Art UV Gel Wholesale Factory Cheap Price Polish 1kg),Womens Sports Bras Longline Wirefree Padded Fitness Workout Running Yoga Shirts Gym Crop Top-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butSmarsecur Tuya Smart Life Wireless WiFi Alarm Host Home Security Systemreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Stainless Steel Sanitary Wd Type Manual Welded Butterfly Valve ); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Reusable Predo Plastic Backed Baby Diapers Zd07(i)Stainless Steel Hygienic Diversion Conversion Pneumatic Control Reversing Valve'Baronesa'Aluminum Compact Tactical Weapon Laser Sight Flashlight Outdoor Light(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Gentle with Wings Extra Care Sanitary Napkin,High Quality Motorcycle Spead Part Lever Gn,Stainless Steel Hygienic 3A-7W Equal Tee Long'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
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- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 20.6t to 6t Mini-Excavatrice, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Yhchem Direct Supply 33" Fully Automatic SUS316 Wiped Film Evaporator for Making Cbd Distillate/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Ck46p 3-Axis Slant Bed CNC Turning Center Metal Cutting Lathe, fruit weight per plant,China Manufacture Genour Power Portable Generator 2000W 168f-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Yarmax Ym188fbg Air Cooled Single Cylinder Low Emission Running Open Frame Diesel Generator Ym7500ea | Straight Pipe Wrench with Aluminum Handle | Tactical Hunting 20mm Rails 1X30 Red and Green DOT Sight | Radial TBR Tyre 1000r20 with Bis for India Market | R-101 Y R-72 Lamina Trapezoidal Perfil Maquina Profile Machine |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 1000kVA Diesel Power Silent Generator Set with Electric Perkins(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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