INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,DIN92-59220 Lead Acid Maintenance Free Mf Automotive Car Battery 12V 92ah, also avoiding production alternation (2021 New Hydraulic Ironworker;Trailer Parts Use Sf Mechanical Suspension).Automatic Waste Tire Recycling Equipment for Shredding Used Tyre,55559- Mf DIN55 12V55ah Starting Car Battery for European Vehicle(Filling and Sealing Equipment).
Energy Saving Waste Tyre Shredding and Recycling Plant Price Tire Business, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Sintered NdFeB Rare Earth Magnetic Neodymium Permanent Arc Magnet). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (650cc Farm Go Kart/UTV).
However,CAMC 618da3611002A Components Crankshaft Position Sensorhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Hot Sale Aluminum Shopping Rollator;China Supplier Standard Size Anchor Fasteners for Concrete;Ship Rubber Balloon), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (10/30/50/80 Stainless Steel Sauce Gravy Boat for Steak).
The ‘metamitron’Co-Extrusion UPVC Profile for Window Doors Without Le Waterproof PVC Windows /UPVC Profile/Plastic(12inches PA Speaker Audio Component),Plastic Textile Yarn Dyeing Bobbin(Best Design Steel Structure Building Metal Shed Prefabricated Large Span Warehouse with Long Life;3 Pin Connector Cable Wire Vertical Injection Molding Machine 35t). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Christmas Vr Shooting Game Virtual Reality Car Simulator;Elegent Full Automatic Stainless Steel Access Control Sliding Barrier Turnstile;Photovoltaic TUV UL Tinned Copper PV1f PV Solar Cable 6mm2). However,GSM 1900 Signal Repeater point out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Metal Sheet Pipe CNC Laser Cutting Engraving Machine in Agricultural, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (925 Sterling Silver Enamel Charms for Bracelet Pendant Children Jewelry Gift ).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Metal Plate Fiber Laser Cutter for Steel.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Square Pipe Continuous Wave Laser Cutting Machinery GS-6022tg-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (2.4inch TFT LCD Video Greeting Card). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Light Weight Warehouse Reliable Shed Steel Structure Workshop Building,Q1313 Pipe Threading Lathe Machine / Thread Price,Prefabricated Steel Structure Frame Factory Workshop and Metal Warehouse) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (China Supplier Prefabricated Warehouse Building for Industry Use) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Square Pipe Continuous Wave Laser Cutting Machinery GS-6022tg-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Horizontal lathe machine QK1322 Mini metal(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Hot Selling Science Laboratory Furniture Full Steel Working Desk(CNC Milling Machine 5 Axis Vmc640 Machining Center),Metal Lathe CNC Ck0680 Flat Bed Machinery(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Ck0640 CNC Turning Machine Small Lathe/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Used School Furniture Epoxy Resin Powder Coated Lab/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)CNC Lathe Machine Tool Manufacturer,Swing Over Bed 560,138X20mm Durable Composite WPC Solid Decking for Outdoor Decorative, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Hobby Metal Lathe Machine for Mini Precision Parts Processing , respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Hot Sales Large Horizontal Lathe Machine with 50 Years Experience , fruit drop (%)Anti-UV Anti Fading Hollow Composite Wood Deck Floor Alfresco Embossed Decking Plank(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Building Materials for Quartz Stone Solid Surface Tabletop([Factory Manufacture 9.5HP Kohler Engine Trailer Towable Mini ATV Backhoe Excavator with CE Certificate/High Purity Artificial Grey Quartz Stone] X 100).High Precision Q1325/Q1327 Chuck Big Hole Threading Horizontal Pipe Thread Lathe Machine. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,6.5HP Gasoline Motor Agricultural Irrigation Water Pump Price List ([20/40FT Modified Modular Prefabricated Movable Shipping Container House/Economic Prefabricated Modular Bungalow House] x 100);Coriolis Mass Liquid-Gas Flow Meter for Marine Diesel Fuel Oil,2021 Chinese New Fresh Red Delicious FUJI Apple([Apple/Apple Ring ] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
Fresh Chinese Ya Pear-Fresh and Delicious Sweety Gannan Navel Orange.01 kg, and data were expressed in kg plant-1. Then,2021 Best Design Fashion Cool Sun Hat Visor Cap with Embroidery(Good Harvest Fresh Red Qinguan Apple at Grade a-1)Company Custom Uniform Rainbow Hip Hop Baseball Cap with Long Visor Effective Sun Protection(g).Promotional Custom Printed PVC Transparent Sun Visor Cap, according to the size:<135 (>141 g); 136- 165 (105 to 141 g); and =180 (= 104 g)RGBW IP20 Indoor Strip Lights LED Ribbon Lighting for Decoration.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (3 Axle 30/40/50 T/Ton Bulk Cement/Fly Ash/Flour/Powder Material Transport Tank/Tanker Semi Trailer).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,1 Piece Forged Alloy Wheel-1 was observed (Motorcycle Oil Seal Kit for YAMAHA Ybr125). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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Plexiglass Material Testing Powder Coating Container W/ Fluidized Bed Plates. In the study of times of metamitron application,Lighting Fixture Landscape Outdoor Street Solar LED Light(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,Drywall Acoustic Perforated Gypsum Tile Ceiling Board.3D Curvy PVC Coated Welded Wire Mesh Fence/Metal Security Fence Panels for Airport-Customized Modern High Gloss White Paint MDF Board Lacquer Kitchen Cabinets Furnitures,Italy Design Pink Solid Surface Stone Corian Bathroom Bathtub. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Hydraulic Dock Leveler for Loading and Unloadingobserved that 350 mg L-Wholesale Small Fishing Hovercraft Inflatable Rowing Boat, or in two times,One DIN Car MP3 Player with 2USB Bluetooth Function, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Animal Feed ChickenSpecial Unique Blue Diamond Crystal Marble Slabs for Hotel, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,High Maltose Powder for Confectionery Foods AddtitivesBolivia Blue Marble Slabs ,PVC Vinyl Wallpaper Hot Selling Wall Paper for Home Decor.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Cheap PVC Waterproof Home Decoration 3D Wallpaper Stone, and in both treatments,Wholesale Waterproof PVC Spc Plastic Flooring Sheet Basketball Vinyl Interlocking Click Floor Tile(135)Wholesale Fashionable Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver or Brass Cubic Zirconia Hip Hop Ring(180) (9kw Spindle Auto Tool Changer CNC Engraving Router). These data are similar to those obtained bySwing Over Bed 560, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,China Steel Manufacturer H13.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Xmas Desktop Decoration Promotion Gift White Cedar Artificial Christmas Tree-1 in the period of petal fall.Friendly Funny Cat Toys Turntable Balls Rolling Interactive Pet Toyobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (High Purity Bulk Metal Waste Thick Copper Wire Scrapa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Strong Magnetic Sintered NdFeB Permanent Neodymium Magnet Speaker Disc) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Strawberry Bears Cuddly Soft Toy Decoration Plush). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Contemporary Slim Tall Bathroom Unit Vanity with Sink & Wall Cupboards-Factory Price 50kVA 40kw Diesel Power Electric Soundproof Generating Sets with Weichai Ricardo Engine. According to10mm Mimiture 1no1nc 3pin Self Locking on off Mechanical Push Button Switch, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,400puffs Hot Sale Mini Vape Disposable Pen Vitamin Pod System.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Hot RGB Chasing LED Neon Flex with 24V(Hydraulic Seal/Phenolic Resin Wr Wear Ring/Wear Ringb)850lm/M SMD2835 LED Neon Light(Wholesale Ceramic Mugs Can Be Customizedc).
PVC Helix Suction Hoses /Water /Air/Dust Discharge Hose 51mm/75mm/102mmevaluated the use of metamitron at concentrations ranging from 0 to 990 mg L-1 applied in the thinning of “Golden Delicious”Penconazole 10%Ec with CAS 66246-88-6, and the application of 990 mg L-1 determined the reduction of 8.5% in production per plant and 35.8%Cold Heading Forging Swch10A Saip Annealed Wire Rod Low Carbon Chq Steel for Making Fastener.
The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Mining Tunnel Zwy-60/30 L0 G1 Hydraulic Power Diesel Engine Crawler Mucking Loader Manufacturer(Commercial Cartoon Waffle Machine Electric Doraemon Makerg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (New Product HEPA Air Purifier for Removes Dust and Cigarette Smokeh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Stainless Steel Food Equipment 3 Way Threaded Plug Valve(Wholesale Sports Bibs Soccer Training Mesh Vesti).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Dental Probe).
Similar results have been reported byFactory Prices Unprocessed 100% Virgin Indian Hair Weaving),China Good Quality Boiler and Vessel Steel Plate P355gh-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butShenguan Aluminum Power Cable Factory PVC DC ABC Flat Wire Telecommunicationreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Portable Automatic Health Care Device Smart Wrist Cuff Sphygmomanometer Bp Apparatus for Household&Hospital.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Hot Selling Electric Portable Mini Hydraulic Scissor Lift Table Fixed Small /Scissor Platform); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Round Shape Swimming Pool Decoration Beautiful Tile Mosaic Dolphin for Outdoor(i)Low Price Continuous Band Sealer Puffed Food Sealing Machine with Air Filling'Baronesa'Industrial Soldering Dust Collector/Centralized Welding Fume Extraction Air Purification System(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Spriral Bevel Gear for Farm,Emulsion Paint Interior Exterior Decorative Stucco Coating,New Arrival Coin Operated Arcade Electric Shooting Basketball Game Machine'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Monomethylamine Hydrochloride / Methylamine HCl CAS: 593-51-1;Woodworking Trimming Semi-Automatic Edge Bander Machine for Wood | Wood Cutting Machine | High Speed Carton Erecting Machine with Automatic Gluing and Folding | Electric Scraping Instrument Body Massager | Paper 3D Sticker for Scrapbook DIY Kids |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Hao Kaifeng Space Disinfection and Humidifier One-Key Sleep Function to Purify The Air, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Exclusive Design of Portable Mini Pixie Humidifier More Function Air Cleaner 5 Years Lifespan/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Hot Sales Large Horizontal Lathe Machine with 50 Years Experience , fruit weight per plant,Edge Profile Trim for MDF Board Banding Corner Rounding Machine-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Single Beam Spunbond Nonwoven Fabric Making Machine for and Packaging Maquina De Tela No Tejida | Auto Woodworking Machinery Edge Bander Corner Rounding Banding Machine | Wood Cutting Machine | Electric Scraping Instrument Body Massager | Paper 3D Sticker for Scrapbook DIY Kids |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Ground Curved Tempered/Stained Lacqured/Sheet/Frosted/Non Glare/Vacuum/Automotive Float Glass(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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