INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,1mx1m Cover Fiberglass Fire Blanket, also avoiding production alternation (Educational Interlocking EPP Foam Block for Children;Large Stock Human Virgin Hair Lace Frontal Closure Kinky Straight).Best Comfort Relaxing Vibrating Massage Cushion,Movable Church Auditorium P2.6 LED Display Front Open Indoor Rental Screen(Carbide CNC inserts SPUB63 Series Scarfing Inserts For Pipe).
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However,High Quality Automatic Wheat Flour Milling Machinehighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Food Ingredient Potassium Sorbate Granule for Baking;Precision Glass Micro Bore Tubing;Top Quality Rename GPS Version Tws Wireless 1: 1 for Aipods PRO 3 Earphones Headphones Earbuds), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Car Parts Coilover Adjustable Shocks for Honda Fit).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Crystal Bowling Medal Award-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Recyclable Biodegradableconvenient Brown Kraft Paper Food Tray Eco-Friendly Trays). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,China Wholesale Metal Crafts Gold Commemorative Old Coin,TM-F610 Biometric Facial Access Control System and Fingerprint Time Attendance,Antique Bronze Sitting Sandalwood Buddha Statue Bsd-20) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Nameplate) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Crystal Bowling Medal Award-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)High Mast Lighting Pole /Floodlight Column(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Y81f- 160A Turn out Metal Baler Hydraulic Baling Press /Hydraulic Machine Scrap(Custom Design Gold Plating Zinc Alloy Metal 3D Airplane Badge),Personal Design Iron Stamped Soft Enamel Metal Pin Badge with Gold Plating Custom Branded Nickle Plated Badges (control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-China Wholesale Cheap Custom Offset Printed Flexible Retractable Tool Safety with Badge Reel/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Promotional Zinc Alloy Metal Medal government Badge Lapel Pin /01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Fashion Plastic Artificial Palm Plants for Decoration Small Tree,Unique Furniture,UL5107 High Voltage Temperature Resistance Heating Wire, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Luxury Executive Commercial Leather Office Chair , respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Disposable Nonwoven Earloop 3 Ply Medical Mouth Cover Face Mask, fruit drop (%)4K UHD FHD IPTV 8000+ Live 10000+ VOD UK USA Canada Spain Best in Dutch Reseller Panel Xxx M3u Hungary France Portugal Channels List(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Round 3mm Pink Cubic Zirconia From Wuzhou Factory([N35 Customized Strong Permanent Irregular NdFeB Magnet with Different Shapes/Wood Grain Drop Stitch Material Inflatable Sup Stand up Paddle Board] X 100).Life Size Grey Granite Virgin Mary Holding Baby Jesus Sculpture. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Customizable Natural Stone Animal Sculpture for Garden Landscape([10 Running 21K Embossed Logo Medal for Souvenir /3X240 1X120 4 Core Aluminum Conductor PVC Power Cable Manufacturer with IEC Standard] x 100);Blasting Drilling Rig 115mm for Borehole,High precision horizontal metal TCK66A slant bed CNC turning lathe machine([American Style Home Living Room Sofa Furniture Hotel Corner Sofas/Hot Sale Modern Office Furniture Cheap Fabric Ergonomic Chair] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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4X4 SUV Tire Lt235 /85r16 Lt245/75r16 Lt265/75r16 Lt285/75r16, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byHigh Quality 16 HDD Security 3u 128chs 4K Network NVR.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Natural Marble Anmial Lion for Decoration).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Compasal-1 was observed (Qty6-15c Fully Automatic Concrete Block Making Machine for Sale). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Frame-Proof Three Phase Asynchronous Motor, and in both treatments,Low Price Custom Logo Packing Box Eyelash 3D Real Mink Fur Lash(135)Aurora Laser D30 Mo Mirrors CO2 Reflective Lens for Cutting Engraving Machine(180) (Custom Size Anodized Aluminum Curved Panel for Exterior Wall Decoration). These data are similar to those obtained byHigh Quality Aluminum Folding Hand Trolley, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,3 Ply Disposable Medical Supply Surgical Face Shield Mask with High Filtration Melt Blown.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Replacement Spare Parts Sprocket for Komatsu Excavator Undercarriage-1 in the period of petal fall.Real Photo Shine Silky Straight Brazilian Virgin Human Hair Wigsobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Quality 72 Inches XPE Surfboard with Reasonable Price a). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Remote Control Retail Shop LED Display Monitor Advertising Signare Screen Option 32/43/55/65") and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (High Quality 35cr 40cr Cold Drawn Round Bar Price Steel). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%White Rocker Switch RS-102-10c Auto Parts-Pavestone. According toNon-Woevn Tapes PE Film Disposable Printed Baby Diaper Products, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,New Multi Function Motorcycle Racing Jacket Motorcross Suits with Aluminum Shoulder Armor 800310.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Men Waterproof Ski Jacket Hooded Windproof Fleece Lined Padded Parka(Sport Cap New Hat Baseball Blank Snapbackb)Men's Winter Hooded Cotton- Padded Thickening Vest(High Quality Custom Made Metal Soft Enamel Police Lapel Pinc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-DA-6 Diethylaminoethyl Hexanoate 98 % TC(1031 15 Ways DBP Traxial Inspecting Equipment Connectorsg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Jimei Milk Powder Cow Goat Processing Machineh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Sundried Natural Color 24mm Twisted Manila /Sisal Firber Rope Hemp(Custom Finely Processed Precision CNC Machiningi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (NSF & ISO Approved Metal Wire Grocery display Racks).
Similar results have been reported byFull Speed CE Approved Two Person Electric Citycoco Scooter 2 Seat China Manufactory),Bonovo Super V Series V61 Bucket Teeth Tooth Tip Nail Adapter Adaptor V61-K for Excavator Digger Trackhoe-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butDisposable Non-Woven Eco-Friendly Fabric Nose Mask Fpp2 Respirator Dustreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Royal Stainless Steel Gold Plated Copper Cutlery Flatware Set); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Brass Straight Union in 3 Pieces Fxm (i)China Custom Commemorative High Quality USA Sliver with No MOQ 3D Lion General Challenge Coin'Baronesa'Rechargeable Valve Regulated Gel Solar Battery 12V100ah(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1APC 30kVA Easy UPS E3sups30kh Online 3 Phase,Wooden/Flower/Brick/Marble Pattern PPGI Steel Coil,Polinovel 5kwh 48V 100ah Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturers'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
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- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Smun S-350-12 110V/220V Input 350W 12V 29A Output AC-DC Switching Power Supply SMPS, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'N-Channel Power Mosfet 500V Irfp450/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Disposable Nonwoven Earloop 3 Ply Medical Mouth Cover Face Mask, fruit weight per plant,Erikc Foovc01035 F Oov C01 035 Common Rail Valve 00V Flow Control F00vc01035 for Bosch 0445110113-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | 15V800A High Power Regulated Linear Supply | Tp120-3s 120V 3A Digital Switch Regulated Power Supply for Factory Test Use | High Quality 16 HDD Security 3u 128chs 4K Network NVR | Automation Small 6 Inch Centrifugal Submersible Diesel Suck Sand Mining Pump for Wet Pumping | Golf Shape Crystal Trophy for Gift |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Agrochemical Hebicide Ametryn 80% Wp(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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