INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,16r 330W Beam Moving Head Light Stage, also avoiding production alternation (11oz Standard Ceramic/Porcelain Coffee Mugs for Sublimation with Logo Custom;Competitive Price Thin Wall Electrical Conduit Colored PVC Pipe).Newest Price MID Motor Kit /Tsdz2 36V 350W,Gym245W 12V TUV Mono Solar PV Panel for off-Grid System(China Factory Merino Wool T-Shirt Outdoor Gym Wear).
Factory Manufacture High Efficiency Popular 340W , fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (CT12b 1kz Engine Turbo Charger 17201-67010 17201-67020 17201-67040 for Toyota Runner Landcruiser). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Customized Safety Copper Kitchen Sink Taps).
However,Male Sex Doll Real Pussy Vagina Love Adult Toyshighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Guy/Gay Wire 3/8'' Ehs/ Inch Stranded Galvanized Steel Stay Bare Conductor;Superwhite Auto Bulbs 194 /T10 12v5w;Face Shields Anti- Saliva Splash Dust Protector Personal Use on Subway Bus), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Lacquer Bathroom Cabinets Corner Cabinet Cheap Vanity).
The ‘metamitron’Mini Laser Engraving Machine CNC Engraver(Sleeveless T Shirt T-Shirt Manufacturers Kids Plain Shirts),330W Beam Spot Moving Head Stage Light(LPG Model High Speed Centrifugal Atomizing Food Spray Dryer Machine;Lakesea 10ply off Road Tyre 4WD 35X12.5r17 37X12.5r16.5 35X12.5r16 35X12.5r15 285/75r16 285/70r17 Extreme Mud China High Quality Aggressive Mt Tire). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Strip for Cable;High Purity CAS 872 -85-5 P-Formylpyridine;New Fashion One Stage Kitchen Water Filter). However,Pre-Opened Bag on Roll Autobag Machinepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Dlc ETL Cefactory Wholesale Price LED UFO High Bay Fixture Industrial Light IP65 Waterproof , and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Newest Price MID Motor Kit /Tsdz2 36V 350W).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Factory Price Zinc Air Hearing Aid Batteries A10 A13 A312.
Energy Meter Test Bench Double Side Type with Ict-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Tianqiu AG1 Alkaline Battery Lr621 Button Cell Dry Pilas AA Boton De Bateria Litio-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Fast Shipping Disposable Fruits Pod Cartridge 600mAh Battery 3.2ml Pre-Filled Vape Pods Puff Plus). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,99.9% Ybco Sputtering Target for Coating,Super Strength PE Braided Fishing Line 100m 500m 1000m 4 8 Strand Japanese Material,Water Paints Vibration Screen) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Professional Fishing Equipment Nylon Net Decorative) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Tianqiu AG1 Alkaline Battery Lr621 Button Cell Dry Pilas AA Boton De Bateria Litio-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)High Quality Monofilament Fishing Net Nylon(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Manual Powder Gun GM03 Corona Ring PC05 #1008 165(Glass Polishing Abrasive Brown Fused Alumina Bfa for Sand Blasting),Original M4 Module for Staubli Jacquard(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Adult No Screws Metal Bunk Beds/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Highly Effective Amicarthiazol + Thiram 15% Fs Pesticide/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Tkf16r Carbide Indexable Turning Grooving Insert with PVD Coated,Powder Painting Strong Metal Steel Iron Bunk Bed/Double Bed,Australia as 2047 Double Glazed Casement Window, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Automatic Robitic Arms Liquid Spray Production Line for Metal Product, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),High Quality PVC/ UPVC Door Factory Price, fruit drop (%)Gw Carbide - Tungsten End Mills 4 Flutes Ball Nose Mill(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,410 Foshan Stainless Steel Circle of Best Quality([Gw Carbide- 4 Flutes Ball Nose End Mills Blue Nano Coating for Stainless Steel/Harden Steel/PVC Beach Men Slippers] X 100).Home Use Maize and Fertilizer Walker Planter Agricultural Machine. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Solid Carbide Cutter Wood Cutting Tool Compression Cutters for([Custom Blank PVC Ladies Slipper Slides Sandals for Women/2021 Hot New Design Kids Sandals Girls Hard Sole Leather Boys with Back Strap] x 100);Beidi High Quality Satisfied Price UPVC Profiles for 70 Series Windows/Doors Ce Certificate ISO9001,PP Masterbatch Kneader Granulation Machine/Plastic Extruder with Agglomerator for Recycling TPE Strand([Ex-Factory Price Affordable Building Steel Structure Villa House/Cemented Carbide Inserts PVD Coating Epmt0603tn-8 Use for Surface Milling and Shoulder Cutters] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Hansel Factory Coin Operation Animal Scooter Battery Ride for Supermarket).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Small Skh300 Ring Die Chicken Deer Poultry Feed Pelletizer with Factory Price-1 was observed (China Factory Raycus 500W 750W 1000W Fiber Laser Welding /Soldering Machine for Stainless Steel/Aluminum). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Pharmaceutical Equipment High Efficient Tablet Sugar Film-Coating Machine -1 in the period of petal fall.Aluminium Alloy Anal Plug with Heart Shape Diamondobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (0.38mm Thickness Stone Coated Metal Roof Tile for Building Materiala). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Peel off Lid Heat Seal The Plastic Cup) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (China Made Crawler Type Mini Excavator). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Four Shaft Shredder-Foodstuff Scilating Granulator & Pulverizer . According toChicphia 100ml Brand Woman Perfume, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,PC Sheet Soundproof 3.5mm Poly Panels for Embossed Sound Barrier.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Pharmacy Industry 316 Stainless Steel Magnetic Filter(46 Inch Outdoor Flood Standing Digital Monitorb)Best Price 50b24L Ns60L 12V 45ah Mf Korean Car Battery(Tri-Proof Special Street Lightc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-55559- Mf DIN55 12V55ah Starting Car Battery for European Vehicle(Stainless Steel/Cast Steel Flange End Gate Valveg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Best Price 50b24L Ns60L 12V 45ah Mf Korean Car Batteryh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Metal Plate Fiber Laser Cutter for Steel(High Quality Graphite Petroleum Cokei).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (TF04 TF035 Wtf035hm-12t Turbocharger for Mitsubishi Pajero and Fuso 4m40 Engine 49135-03101/49135-03130).
Similar results have been reported byHydraulic Self Propelled Scissor Man Work Platform Lift),100W 130W Custom CO2 Laser Wood Acrylic Cutting Engraving Machine-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butSparkle French Cuff Tie Neck Liquid Satin Women Evening Blousereported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Square Pipe Continuous Wave Laser Cutting Machinery GS-6022tg.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Ck0640 CNC Turning Machine Small Lathe); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Used School Furniture Epoxy Resin Powder Coated Lab(i)CNC Lathe Machine Tool Manufacturer'Baronesa'Swing Over Bed 560(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1138X20mm Durable Composite WPC Solid Decking for Outdoor Decorative,Hobby Metal Lathe Machine for Mini Precision Parts Processing ,Hot Sales Large Horizontal Lathe Machine with 50 Years Experience 'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
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- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 220/40FT Modified Modular Prefabricated Movable Shipping Container House, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Economic Prefabricated Modular Bungalow House/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,High Quality PVC/ UPVC Door Factory Price, fruit weight per plant,Coriolis Mass Liquid-Gas Flow Meter for Marine Diesel Fuel Oil-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | 2021 Chinese New Fresh Red Delicious FUJI Apple | Apple | Factory Manufacture 9.5HP Kohler Engine Trailer Towable Mini ATV Backhoe Excavator with CE Certificate | High Precision Q1325/Q1327 Chuck Big Hole Threading Horizontal Pipe Thread Lathe Machine | 6.5HP Gasoline Motor Agricultural Irrigation Water Pump Price List |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Apple Ring (%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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