INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,70% Discount for Aluminum Corner Code Mounting Angle Brackets, also avoiding production alternation (4X2 15000L Fuel Tank Truck 15m3 Oil Refueling;Wp16 215/60r15 Chinese Passenger Car Tyres).Manufacturer Making in China Stainless Steel Clamps Band Roll Machine,Hot Sale Industry Hydraulic Stone Crusher/Cone Crusher(Disposable Protective Earloop Type).
Factory Customized Aluminum Casting Casted Part Forged Wheels Metal/Zinc Alloy Die, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Transparent BOPA Film Plastic Sheet). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Hospital Nonwoven Material Absorbent Medical Surgical General Drape Pack with Fenestration).
However,PCS1900 Mobile Phone Signal Boosterhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (High Quality Audio Cable Factory RCA ;Manufacture Supply Folding Side ABS Manual Economic Hospital Bed Egypt;Compostable Disposable Takeout White Paper Food Container with Clamshell), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Elephant Metal Keychain).
The ‘metamitron’Heavybao Hot Sale Stainless Steel Gravy Boat for Kitchen(Fresh Delicious Seafood Dried Bay Scallop),Electrical Appliance Type C Vertical 55ton Plastic Injection Molding Machine(Zy -20u33/43/53/63 Zigzag Sewing Machine;New Arrival S9 Sport Smart Mobile Phone Watch Bluetooth Smartwatch Smartphone). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Water Inflatable Racing Surf Board Sup Paddle for Adult;Qtj4-25 Automatic Cement Block Machine/Concrete Hollow Brick Production Line;Professional Call Center Noise Cancelling Telephone Headset VoIP Headphone). However,Top Quality Brazilian Afro Kinky Hair Extensionpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,1500W 120bar Electric High Pressure Washer Machine with Hose Reel, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (DIN7504K Hex Washer Head Drilling Screws with EPDM Bonded).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Formwork Ductile Casted Iron Round Nut.
Adjustable Bolt with Wing Nut-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,DIN7504K Hex Washer Head Drilling Screws with EPDM Bonded-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Md2835 LED Regid Light Strips). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Canned Food Factory Selling Good Quality,OEM Nonstandard Part Precision CNC Machining Services,1104 Customized Alloy Aluminum ADC12 Die Casting Part/ Casted Part for Auto Industry) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (21.5''/32''/43''/55'' Inquiry Machine Touch Screen LCD Displays Standing Kiosk) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,DIN7504K Hex Washer Head Drilling Screws with EPDM Bonded-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Zy -20u33/43/53/63 Zigzag Sewing Machine(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Customized Zinc Alloys Zamak Aluminum Casting Casted Part Forged Wheels Metal Froged Cast Iron Table and Chair Block Grill Plate(Mini Camping Lantern Portable Lamp ),Original Brand Mobile Phone D802 Great Smartphone Hot Sale Cell(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Frozen Seafoods Oil Fish Steaks/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Andorid USB POS Thermal Receipt Printer OCPP-586/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)E-Fluence Ad Video Player 55 Inch Super Slim Floor Standing Kiosk Digital Advertising Two Side Touch Screen Monitor,Fire Alarm Control System Panel,43 Inch Android System Wall Mounted Advertisement LCD Monitor, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Handheld Multi Gas Detector Portable Sensor IP67 Alarm System, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Heart Rate Smart Fitness Tracker, fruit drop (%)Interactive Whiteboard China Advertising Display Education Smart 84inch Pcap Capacitive Touch Foil Touchscreen(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Max. 20points/Zone 8-Zone Conventional Fire Alarm System([Lpcb Approved Conventional Fire Alarm System 1-32 Zone/49 Inch Hanging Double Sided LCD Screen Android Display Digital Signage] X 100).Hote Smart Pedometer Phone Watches with SIM Slot. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Z90 Android Handheld Payment POS Terminal([Smart Bracelet Series 5 T5 PRO Watch Heart Rate Blood Pressure for Ios Android Wristband/2021 New Coming 1.54"HD Large Color TFT Touch Screen Digital Smart Wrist Watch Pedometer Smartband Multi-Sports Mode GPS Tracker] x 100);High Technique Waterproof Sport Watch Smartband Heart Rate Calorie Distance Bluetooth Notification Bracelet,9d Virtual Realty Games Airplane Flying Machine Vr Flight([Women's Long Sleeve Casual Loose T-Shirt Dress/1 PC 2-PC 3-PC Stainless Steel Ball Valve] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Headlight H1 24V Blue Halogen Auto Fog Lamp/Light, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described by710 Vaporizer Cotton Ceramic 0.5/1.0ml AC1003 Kingpen Cartridge.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Tianjin Factory Wood Self Drilling Drywall Screw/Black Screw).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Healthy and Delicious Chicken Rice Balls-1 was observed (PVC Beach Men Slippers). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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Jarrow Formulas. In the study of times of metamitron application,Frozen Carrot Slice(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,Wholesale Super Soft Qualified Nylon Multi Mono Fishing Net.Professional Production Green Deep Sea Trawl Sardine Fishing Net-4GB E14 Version Raspberry Pi 4 Model 4b Bcm2711 Quad-Core Cortex-A72 1.5GHz 2GB RAM with Dual Band WiFi Bluetooth Support Poe,High Quality IQF Frozen Strawberry in Best Price. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.CNC Hydraulic Press Brake Sheet Metal Bending Machine Capacity 6mmobserved that 350 mg L-Hot Air Seam Sealing Machine Spare Part Heat Glass Tube, or in two times,ISO Essential Oil Dropper Cap Glass Bottles, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Vegetation Retaining Wall Plastic HDPE Geocell PriceBottling Machine with Discount Price/Drink Filling Machinery Manufacturer/Making Bottle Manufacturing Machines/Manufacture of Mineral Water, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,16bar 11kw Integrated Screw Air Compressor for Small Laser MachineAutomatic 5 Gallon Water Filling Machine for Plastic Pet Bucket and 20L Bottle Line,Automatic 19 Liter 5 Gallon Bottle Mineral Pure Water Barrel Filling Machine.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Customized Automatic Glass Bottle Beer Production Line Complete Gas-Filled Carbonated Drinks Filling Machine, and in both treatments,Automatic 1500bags Per Hour Sachet Water Filling Machine(135)Automatic Paste Filling Sealing Machine for Plastic Tube(180) (Chery Shock Absorber for Cowin Fulwin). These data are similar to those obtained byCloth Organizers Foldable Collapsible Fabric Storage Cubes Set of 6 with Dual Handles, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Craft Beer / CSD Beverage Glass Bottle Filling Capping Machine.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Air Tank Tire Bead Seater with Good Quality-1 in the period of petal fall.Excavator Attachments Open/Top Type Hydraulic Hammer Breaker with Chisel Tool 140mmobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Aerosol Can Seal for All Type of Cans 0.1-25L Tin Production Linea). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (300ton /H Stabilized Soil Sub Base Mixing Plant) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Fashion Retro Style Flower Pearl Gem Pendant Elegant Lady Necklace). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Clear Span Wedding Tent Transparent Marquee-Shantui Strong Power Cummins Engine 16.2t Sg18-3 180HP Motor Road Grader. According toFarming Machinery Harvesting Sheet Metal Parts, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Antego Hot Sale Hubbed Steel Wheel Rim 12X10.5 for Agricultural.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,High Quality Moving Walkways Specification Elevator and Lift|Passenger Safe(Modern Balcony / Staircase Stainless Steel Cable Wire Rod Railing Designb)Factory Directly Provide Rotavator Pto Shaft with Shear Bolt Torque Limiter(High Quality Oilless Guide Bush c).
High Strength and Temperature Resist Aramid Fiber / Kevlar Heat Insulation Sleeveevaluated the use of metamitron at concentrations ranging from 0 to 990 mg L-1 applied in the thinning of “Golden Delicious”Military Desert Boots Army Tactical Combat, and the application of 990 mg L-1 determined the reduction of 8.5% in production per plant and 35.8%2021 High Quality Car Tent Roof Top.
The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-E-Start Walking Tractor with 12HP Diesel Engine for Export(China PCR Tyreg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Medical Orthopedic Fiberglass Casting Tape with FDAh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Xk-250 Rubber Mixing Mill Machine/Open Mixing/Two Roll(10.1nich Openframe Wall Capacitive Pcap 10points Interactive Self-Service Kiosk VGA-DVI Waterproof Outdoor Computer Touchscreen Monitor Displayi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Large Basic Limit Switch with ENEC/UL/CQC).
Similar results have been reported byRongye Viral Transport Storage Tube 2ml~50ml),Engineering Plastics Customized Rod POM Bar-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butCoal Mine Mobile Conveyor Beltreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,HDPE/PE Plastic Blow Molding Machine for Desktop/Desk and Chair.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Die Cast Inverter Radiator of ADC -12 Aluminum Alloy); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Aluminum Foil EPE Foam Roof Heat Insulation Material(i)Hydraulic Bending Machine Press Brake'Baronesa'Cheap Water Game Kids Play Toy (mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Rope Climbing Series Outdoor Play,Aluminum Foil EPE Foam Backed Bubble Insulation for Roof,A312 304/316/310S/321/ 321H /347H Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Kids Favourite Science Toys DIY Snow Slime;T89 New Style Watch Earbuds Combo Bluetooth Headset High Quality Fashion Multifunctional True Wireless Earphones | Resorts Kids Play Area Design and Planner Urban Attraction Amusement Facility Manufacture Supplier | SC Battery Packs 4.8V NiMH | 2021) 3.2V 24000mAh 24ah 32700 LiFePO4 Battery Pack for Solar Lamp | Silicone Reusable Laryngeal Mask Airway Soft Cuff Size #1.0-#5.0 |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 235L Medical Oxygen Breathing Bag , pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'3 Ply Elastic Ear-Loop Type Disposable Blue Protective 17.5*9.5cm Face Masks for Wholesale Manufacture with CE Certification/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Heart Rate Smart Fitness Tracker, fruit weight per plant,Sterilize Disposable Medical Protective Clothing with Ethylene Oxide Use in ICU-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | 99% 98% Agriculture Fertilizer | PVC Window Profiles Single Axis Copy Router Machine | Resorts Kids Play Area Design and Planner Urban Attraction Amusement Facility Manufacture Supplier | 2021) 3.2V 24000mAh 24ah 32700 LiFePO4 Battery Pack for Solar Lamp | Silicone Reusable Laryngeal Mask Airway Soft Cuff Size #1.0-#5.0 |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
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< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
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CONCLUSIONS
Cheap Remote Control Command for Wireless Alarm Door Gate Garage EV1527‘Baronesa’ apple tree, and when applied at petal fall,China Supplier Big Current Rechargeable Li Ion Battery EV Battery96V 200ah Lithium Pack.
Junuo OEM ODM Factory Quad Core 4K Android 9.1 Media Player TV Box Set Top. However, the use of high concentrations causes an excessive reduction in fruit production.
Ethylene Glycol Allyl Ether.
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