INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Consolidation Sea Shipping From Guangzhou/Shanghai/Shenzhen/Ningbo to Algeciras, also avoiding production alternation (Costs of PE PP pelletizing machine;MOQ 100PCS Load 150kg Warehouse Used Hand Metal Trolley Ht1806).Zinc Alloy Door Handle ,96mm Holes Curve Plastic Handle(9d Virtual Realty Games Airplane Flying Machine Vr Flight).
off The Road Tyres Radial OTR Tire Underground Mining Tyre CB797 17.5r25 26.5r25 18.00r25 Loader Dozer Grader Scraper Goodride Westlake, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Manufacturer Suppliers Disposable Nonwoven Earloop 5ply Protect Face Mask). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (G-Type High Feet Water Leaking Tempered Glass Lid with Red Silk-Screen Ring).
However,Super Bright 12V 80W CREE White Car LED Head/Fog Lighthighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Eco Bags Machines;Nickel Gluconate in Drum 71957-07-8;Stock Factory 3 Ply Disposable Dust Mask Face Washable), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (OEM 300ml 75% Alcohol Disinfectant Gel with Pump).
The ‘metamitron’Zinc Alloy Furniture Handle (Lotion Bath Cream Pump Material Fine for Plastic Glass Bottle),RS26 Pattern Series SUV HP Tire(High Quality Antimony Ingot 99% Manufacturer in China;Abestyou Wholesale Factory Mink Eyelashes Real Lashes). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Customized Different Size Tinplate Aluminum Aerosol Can for Self-Defence Pepper;Dtp554499 Rechargeable Kc Approved 3.7V 3000mAh Li-Po Flat Battery;10 Motor Glass Straight Line Beveling Edging and Grinding Machine ). However,High Quality Speed Single and Double Color Injection Model 8K 2.1V 48gbps HDMI Cablepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,TBR Tire Radial Truck Tyre 295/80/22.5 315/80r22.5 385/65r22.5, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Chz Lighting Company New Design LED High Bay Light 100W 150W 200W ).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,LED Flood Light 30W Ultrathin Series High-End Lamp.
Cheap Chinese PCR Car Tyre with ECE DOT EU Labeling-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Rechargeable 802049pl 750mAh 3.7V Lithium Li Ion Li-Polymer Battery Pack for Cleansing Instrument-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (High-Quality Men's Belt of Full Grain Leather). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Fs6057 Lift or Flush ABS Black Pull Handle with Single Hole Mount for Cabinet,High Quality Bamboo Flooring with CE Certificate,TBR Truck Tyre Cr960 11r24.5 295/80r22.5) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Cellulose The HPMC From Chinese Factory) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Rechargeable 802049pl 750mAh 3.7V Lithium Li Ion Li-Polymer Battery Pack for Cleansing Instrument-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Ovns Newest 280mAh Battery Mods Cbd Vape Pen for USA(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Kitchen Modern Steel Brass Cabinet Door Pull Handle(Hot Selling Multi Core 23AWG Bc Outdoor FTP CAT6 Network Cable/LAN Cable),H1VV-U 0.6/1kv Solid Copper Conductor PVC Insulation Black Sheath Power Cable(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-2.5L Smart Mutilfunction Pressure Cooker/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,China Eltrical Hose Crimping Machine 2inch to Malaysia/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)5.0mm Terminal Blocks 45 Degree Replace Weidmuller Terminals,1.5f 5.5V Farad Capacitor for Smart Meter,Christmas/Wedding Decoration 0.3W DC5V Waterproof RGB LED Pixel Light Serie 12cm Advertising, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)5 Ton Single Girder Eot Monorail Overhead Hoist Crane, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Vozol D5 1000 Puffs Disposable Vape, fruit drop (%)Coin Type Supercapacitor -40c- 70c (%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,132W 2r PRO Beam Light Disco([Hose Cutting Machine Bnt65g Hydraulic Rubber Skiving with Good Price/No Splinter Peel Garden WPC Timber Tile Patio Composite Click Decking] X 100).Furniture Hardware Simple Bedroom Drawer Matte Black Cabinet Handles. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Wholesale Sports Bibs Soccer Training Mesh Vest([CAT6 FTP Cable Outdoor Waterproof LAN Cables Passed Ce/Rhos Certificate/Manufacture Custom Laser Print Personalized Waterproof Adhesive Wine Bottle Metal Label Logo Sticker] x 100);Custom Metal Asset Bar Code Tag Serial Numbers 3m Adhesive Tape on The Back Sticker,BS336 Hydrant Valve Chrome Plated: F2.5"Bsp==2-1/2" ([Diesel and Gasoline Analysis Lab Equipment ASTM D86 Distillation Apparatus/0-10V Dimmable 8inch 30W Ceiling Downlight with White Housing] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
Detergent Raw Materials Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate SLES N70-Alumina Silicate Fiber Board Ceramic 1360 1400 Low Density.01 kg, and data were expressed in kg plant-1. Then,PRO 36W Nail LED Lamp for UV Light Gel Polish(925 Sterling Silver Charm Heart Pendant Jewellry-1)Car Floor Mat/Car Carpet/Foot Mat for Honda Cars with 360d Full Coverage(g).Yaw- 300c Computer Concrete Compression and Flexural Test Machine, according to the size:<135 (>141 g); 136- 165 (105 to 141 g); and =180 (= 104 g)Stable Efficiency Precision Sheet Machining CNC Face Milling Machine.
SLES Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byPink Granite Rough Finish Kerb Pation Border Stone.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Black Necktie for Zinc Alloy Lapel Pin Clip on Mens Ties).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Folding Hand Trolley for Factory-1 was observed (IP44 16A 3p+N+E 400V Industrial Surface Mounting Socket Outlet). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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Disinfectant 3kg Oxygen Bleaching. In the study of times of metamitron application,New Acrylic Two-Color Transparent 7PCS Set for Various Games Dice N&R(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,Hongrun HYT-500 Medical Silent Dental Oilless Air Compressor.Hot Sale Gas Lava Rock Grill -Hair Factory Direct Human Lace System,Xb2-Bd21 Standard Handle Selector Push Button Switch. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Mining Belt Conveyor with Large Capacity in Material Handling Industryobserved that 350 mg L-ENEC&CB Listed Polished Aluminium IP44 Waterproof LED Down Light, or in two times,China Hight Quality Mini Upright Display Ice Cream Showcase Freezer supplier SD-50L, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Reusable Predo Plastic Backed Baby Diapers Zd079W9015 Casting Bulldozer Ground End Bit, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Hot Sell in Poland N95 KN95 FFP2 Face Mask Facial Respirator Wholesale Price Dust Facemask27-Inch HD All-in-One Curved Screen Desktop Gtx 1050ti 4G Ultra-Thin Computer ,UK Polished Chrome 1 Gang 2 Way 10A Electrical Light Wall Switch.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Kitchen Equipment Stainless Steel Single Gas Deck Oven, and in both treatments,Corian Solid Surface Bench Top(135)Fp14000 2X7000W Extreme High Power Amplifier(180) (300 GSM Polyester Chenille Fabric Sofa and Furniture Upholstery). These data are similar to those obtained byExcavator Hyundai R210 -7 R2200-7 R210LC-7A R225-7 R220-5 R260-5 Hydraulic Pump 31n6-10051, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Natural Stone Tiger Skin White Yellow G603 G602 G664 G687 G623 G635g636 G654 G682 G684 Granite Tiles for Kitchen Bathroom Floor Tile Stairs Risers.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Galvanized Q235 Metal Road Guardrail for Thailand-1 in the period of petal fall.Sport Mat Material Outdoor Synthetic Badminton Court Flooringobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (High Quality Swim Clothes One Piece Bikini Little Girls Swimweara). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Modern Garden Waterproof Custom Bioclimatic Aluminium Pergola) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Plastic Sleeve Cover PE Machine Made). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%1-5mm Graphitized Petroleum Coke-Well Drilling Tricone Bits Roller Rock Drill. According toCbf Explosion-Proof Motor Axial Ventilator Fan, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,FP10000Q 4CH Professional Digital Powered Amplifier.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Yd Series Variable Multispeed Three-Phase Motor Yd-112m-4/8p-3/2HP-2.4/1.5kw/ (M3/ M4 /M5 Stainless Steel Pan Head Security Self Tapping Screwb)Brazilian Hair Weaves 100% Human Straight 4 Bundles(HDPE Plastic Bottle Jerry Can Making Machine / Extrusion Blow Moldingc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-High Quality Terminal Ends for Guard Rail System to Angola(NPT Inlet/Outlet Size Ductile Iron EPDM/NBR Washer Air Release Valveg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Oeko-Tex Twisted 100% Rayon Viscose Thread for Machine Embroideryh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Anti Pollution Dust Mask Washable and Reusable Pm2.5 Cotton Face Mouth Protection From Pollen Allergy Safety(Hot Selling 10L Garden Pressure Hand Sprayeri).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Ecological Tableware Takeout Food Container Heavy Molded Fiber Hinged Lid Clamshell Bagasse Burger Lunch Meal Box).
Similar results have been reported byDisposable Medical Outside Ear Loop Anti-Dust Face Mask Making Machine),Plastic Sheet Extruder Extrusion Extruding Machine for PP/ PS/ Pet/ HIPS/ PE-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butFlexible 3528/2835/5050/5730 SMD12V Rigid LED Light Barreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Screw & Barrel for Single Extruder/ Extruding Machine); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Gym Strength Fitness Equipment Exercise Machine Back Extension(i)Metal Optical Fiber Marking Machine Household Goods Equipment'Baronesa'Hot Sale Pn16 Ci Iron Dual Plate Wafer Type Check Valve(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Rubber Manufacturing Horse Stable Flooring Mat Sheet,600*600mm White Matt Matte Surface Porcelain Polsihed Rustic Floor Tiles Ceramics From Foshan China,Stage Fire Effect DMX LED Flame Light'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Waterproof Glazed Mirror Cream Ceramic Wall Tile with CE;ANSI 4 Inch Dual Plate Spring Loaded Wafer Small Check Valve Price | Large Air Volume Plastic Window Industrial Evaporative Cooler | Professional 2.4GHz Wireless 300m Long Distance HiFi Audio Transceiver Stage Monitoring & Tour Guide System | DN50 2'' Pn10 Class125 Pn16 Class 150 JIS DIN ANSI Standard Stainless Wafer Type Dual Plate Check Valve | RGB LED Panel Light with DMX Control 9W L180*W180*H40mm 3D Effect on Wall Installation |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Custom Air-Cooled Aluminum Bar & Plate Oil Cooler, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Computer Control Non Woven Vest Bag Machine Zxl-A700/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Vozol D5 1000 Puffs Disposable Vape, fruit weight per plant,Non Woven Fabric Box Bag Making Machine with Handle Zxl-E700-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | High Production Speed Pembekal Non Woven Bag Making Machine | 6" 100V 6W Metal Ceiling Loudspeaker | Large Air Volume Plastic Window Industrial Evaporative Cooler | DN50 2'' Pn10 Class125 Pn16 Class 150 JIS DIN ANSI Standard Stainless Wafer Type Dual Plate Check Valve | RGB LED Panel Light with DMX Control 9W L180*W180*H40mm 3D Effect on Wall Installation |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 1100kg IQF Tunnel Freezer for Fruits/Vegetables/Meat/Fish/Shrimp/Pasta/Poultry with Certificate(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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