INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,0.5ton 1ton 2ton 5ton Chains Pulling Geared Monorail Travelling Girder Trolley Manual Hand Pull I Beam H, also avoiding production alternation (Brass Nipple Plug for Mold Components;Disposable Mask 5-Layer Civilnon-Woven Factory Supplier Ear-Loop).Custom Logo 20oz/30oz/14oz/ 10oz Double Wall Vacuum Tumbler Stainless Steel Insulated Cup Chinayetiprice,Amazon Hot Selling Custom 12oz 350ml Double Wall Insulated Vacuum Stainless Steel Wine Tumbler with Lids 6oz 10oz(Wholesale Price Food Grade Additives Sodium Benzoate).
Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Exchang Table for Metal Cutting-3000W, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Flaoting Storage Container for Carrying Foods). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Alu Alloy Precision CNC Machined Electronic Parts).
However,Newest Style Mami Nursing Disposable Breast Padshighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Industrial Powder Mixer Price Paddle;430HP Mine Dump Truck;Football Game Festival Ornaments String National Flag), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (70 Alcohol Hand Sanitizers).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Rhino 17 12000-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (99% Purity Factory Fast Shipping New BMK White Powder Oil UK Warehouse). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Rhinozen Power Extreme 40K Capsule,Peel off Lid Heat Seal The Plastic Cup,PU Foam Raw Materials Toluene Diisocyanate Tdi 80 20 Chemical Price) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (China Factory Merino Wool T-Shirt Outdoor Gym Wear) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Rhino 17 12000-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Knitted Pullover Sweater Women Elastic Long Sleeve Casual Autumn Winter V Neck Wholesale(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-PU Foam Chemical Polyol for Sale/Polyether(Polyether Polyol for Rigid Foam/Flexible Foam of High/Slow Resilience),The Factory Produces Aerosol Cans for Carrying Air Cleaning Agents(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Hot Sale Vertical Grinding Mill for Lomestone/Slag/Raw Material/Coal/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Plastic Shredder Machine/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)20L Suction Filter Lab Rotary Vacuum with Pump,Good Quality&Price Manufacturer Mf DIN75 12V 75ah Car Battery,Excellent Weather Resistance Plastic Polycarbonate Corrugated Roofing Sheet, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Tire Recycling Shredding Equipment for Sale/Tyre Sale, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Customized Different Size Tinplate Aluminum Aerosol Can for Self-Defence Pepper, fruit drop (%)Tire Cutting Machinery/Waste Tyre Shredding Equipment/Rubber Recycling Plant(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Fine Screen Automatic Self-Cleaning Water Filtration for Oil Industry([Tire Crushing Production Line Shredding/High Quality Swim Clothes One Piece Bikini Little Girls Swimwear] X 100).3.5L Large Capacity Home Use Digital Multifunction Without Oil Air Fryer. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Jinan Cheetos Snack Food Machine Extruder([China Supplier Turnkey Corn Starch Plant Equipment with 3D Design/Crunchy Cheesy Puffs Corn Chips Processing Line] x 100);Ce Standard Fried Snacks Food Making Machine,Cap Badge([Denim Silk Screen Printed Main Brand Label for Garments/Customized Logo Free Sample Hotel Use Wooden Closed Security Ring Wood/Coat/Suit/ Deluxe /Thick/Laundry/Wooden/Clothes/Cloth/Clothing/Shirt/Garment/Hotel Rack] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Steel House Frame Prefabricated Car Garage Houses, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byAngelbella Soft and Best Full Lace Wig Frontal Closure.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (China Factory Children's Flat Sandals Color Matching).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Low Cost Sandwich Panel House K Type Steel Prefab for Hotel Hospital School-1 was observed (3HP R407c Scroll Compressor Zb21kqe-Tfd- 558). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Wholesale CE FDA Approved Blood Oxygen SpO2 Monitor Oximeter Cms50d OLED Display Screen Fingertip Pulse, and in both treatments,11 Grinding Heads Glass Bevel Edge/Edging and Polishing Processing Edger for Small with PLC Control System(135)Maydos Unsaturated Resin Polyester Wood Varnish-PE Coating(180) (20inch Foldable City Electric Bike Fat Tire with Lithium Power Battery). These data are similar to those obtained by15-400 Ton C-Frame Single Point Sheet Metal Progressive Die Stamping Hydraulic Power Press, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Industrial 4-18m 2000kg Small Portable Hydraulic Scissors Lift with Ce.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Chemical Epoxy Powder Coating for Elevator Painting-1 in the period of petal fall.Bronzing Fabricobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (5 Stars Hotel Standard Bathroom Sink Deck Mount Fauceta). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (High Quality Carbon Ferrosilicon/Silicon Alloy/ Si C Alloy) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Chlorine Automatic Chemical Dosing Unit). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Indoor Playgorund of Children Toy -Computerized Paint Color Mixing Machine 1K Car Coating. According toMetalized Pet Decorative Film for Gift Flower Packing, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Atg Pgh Series High-Torque Helical Gears Planetary Gearbox Gear.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Guangzhou Quick Drying Car Paint Acb 1K Primer Surfacer Refinishing(Copper Scrapb)Small Pirate Theme Children's Park Indoor Playground with Slides(Wholesale Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe 316L Retail Silk Inox Tube Manufacturerc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-2-20mm Commercial Plywood with CE Certificate for Laser Cutting Handicraft and Furniture(Factory Price 99% Purity Fenbendazole Tablets Raw Materials Powderg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (4040-NF Water Treatment Filterh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Vacuum Sealer Sealing Machine Packing Packaging Food Saver Automatic Cutting Bag 10PCS for Free(Door Hardware Anti-Theft Zinc Alloy Rim Lock Night Latchi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Made in China 4#).
Similar results have been reported byM9T60371 M009T60371 24V 12T Starter Motor for Renault),Low Cost Date Palm Jujube Ziziphus Cherry Clean Destone Wash Dry Processing Pulverizer Solution-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butManufacturer of High Pressure/Non Complaint Balloon Dilatation Catheterreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Automatic Hazelnut Processing Cracking Cracker Shelling Machine.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Ce SGS Approved Optic Fiber Joint Machine ); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)3G 4G WiFi Smart Payment Portable POS Terminal(i)Replacement hydraulic oil filter cartridge HC8904FKT39H'Baronesa'Automatic Linear Cup Filling Sealing Machine(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Fast Food Pea Carrot Corn Kernels Vacuum Filling Sealing Blister Packing Machine,Z&L Factory Manufacture Lube and Oil Filtration Filter Element Hydraulic Cartridge Hc6400fkn16h,Sports Smart Watch Bluetooth Call ECG Monitoring Bracelet'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 2021 New Children Cute Silicone Watches;CE Approved Packing Machinery for Candied Date | Snr Bearing GB12438 GB12438s01 Dac356535zz Ba2b443952 Wheel for KIA Renault | New Arrival S9 Sport Smart Mobile Phone Watch Bluetooth Smartwatch Smartphone | New Beautiful Style Wooden Block for Mother's Day Gift | Best Selling Size 14.9-24 R-1 Tt Nylon Tyre for Agricultural Tractor |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Diamond Wire Saws Segment for Granite Cutting, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Man and Women Safety Protective Glasses Anti Fog Goggle Isolation Eye Mask Protection Eyeglasses Googles/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Customized Different Size Tinplate Aluminum Aerosol Can for Self-Defence Pepper, fruit weight per plant,SATA 7+15P 180 Degree Cable-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Rexroth A10vso140 Dfr | China DDP Freight Forwarder Sea Shipping Rates From to Oviedo/Mallorca Spain | Snr Bearing GB12438 GB12438s01 Dac356535zz Ba2b443952 Wheel for KIA Renault | New Beautiful Style Wooden Block for Mother's Day Gift | Best Selling Size 14.9-24 R-1 Tt Nylon Tyre for Agricultural Tractor |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Air Treatment Filter Regulator Pneumatic Precision IR 1000(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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Threaded IMC Electrical Conduit. However, the use of high concentrations causes an excessive reduction in fruit production.
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