INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Automotive Car Battery 12V60ah Custermized for, also avoiding production alternation (DIN7504K M10 Carbon Steel Hex Flange Pan Head Self Drilling Screw with Rubber Washer;Chinese Natural G439 Slabs Big Flower Beta White Granite for Kitchen Bathroom Countertop Interior Exterior Wall Floor Tiles).Allsparkpower 48V50ah Solar Lithium Battery Pack,Factory Wholesale Camping Car Rechargeable Liion Battery Pack 12V 240 Ah(Mineral Separator Small Knel Son Concentrator Gold Jig).
Rechargeable Custom Lithium Ion Li Polymer 60.8V 18ah Battery Pack for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (24VDC 4~20mADC Anti-corrosive Small Size Cost-effective Piezoresistive Tank Use Level Transmitter MPM4893W). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Coin Operated Game Machine Arcade Games Small Drift Bumper Car).
However,Pneumatic Rock Drilling Rig with Pushing Leghighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Electrostatic Wrinkle Effect Powder Coating;Postcard Toy for Kids Adults Educational Learning Greeting Card Gift Children Baby Boys Girls Perfect Office Home School All Occasions;Brake Shoe with OEM Standard for ), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (High Quality Plastic Bio Tank with Good Price/ Septic for Water Treatment).
The ‘metamitron’12 Touch Bluetooth Headset Tws Wireless Earbuds Stereo in-Ear Headphones(Jcb Spare Parts for 3cx and 4cx Annulus Ring 450/10205),Yangtze Lithium Battery Pack 12V 20ah for Golf Cart(Man and Women Safety Protective Glasses Anti Fog Goggle Isolation Eye Mask Protection Eyeglasses Googles;Clear Color Creative Design Glass Bowl Smoking Accessories). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Rect Round Shape Golden Rose Color Metal Aluminum Alloy Framed Mirror Furniture Dressing;UHMWPE Track Mats Used for Heavy Equipments;PP PE Infectious Certified to European Standards Disposable Isolation Overall Clothing). However,Wholesale Custom Different Sizes Gift Paper Bag for Clothespoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Hot Melt Glue Construction for Baby Diaper Sanitary Napkins, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Aws A5.18 Er70s-6 MIG CO2 Gas-Shielded Filler Solid Welding Wires Size: 1.0mm).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Disposable Surgical Ob Baby Birth Delivery Pack Kit CE ISO 13485 Manufacture Directly Price.
Bison -bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,48V800ah -1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Weigher and Packaging Machine Line/ Weighing & Packing System). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Factory-Red Beech Fancy Plywood with 2.7mm and 4.8mm Sale in Mexico,Polinovel 12V 300ah LiFePO4 Motorcycle BMS Power Bank Prismatic Cylindrical Battery,Plywood Board ) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Hydrophobic Cartridge Filter PTFE 0.2um Remove Particles and Microorganisms From Gase Solvent) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,48V800ah -1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Fol13b Tij2.5 Fast Dry Solvent Ink Cartridge for 2580 B3f58A 2590(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Potato Chips and Corn Snack in Doy Pack(High Power WiFi GPS Camera Jammer Using on Drone Controlled Signals Uav Defense System),Universal Black Toner Cartridge for HP/Canon Q2612A/FX-9/FX-10(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-304ss Industrial Enzyme Filtration Microfilter/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Tk-570 Consumables Compatible Color Laser Copier Toner Cartridge for KYOCERA/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Compatible CE250 Series Laser Printer Toner Cartridge for HP,China Manufacturer Compatible Laser Toner Cartridge Q7551A/51A,Portable Eight Antenna Jammer for All 2g/3G/4G Cellphone, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Fully Automatic Transformer Oil Purifier for Dissolved Gas Removing, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Professional OEM Manufacturer LiFePO4 Battery Solar Cell 3.2V 10ah 30ah 50ah 60ah 100ah 110ah, fruit drop (%)InkJet Risos ComColour 2150 Black Ink Cartridge S-6701(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Ebest Compatible Sharp Mx-36 Toner Cartridge for Mx-2610 3110 3610 Mx-2618nc 3118nc 3618nc([Floor Standing Hotel Office Ionic Air Purifier with Quality Sensor/Compatible HP 62XL C2p04an C2p05an C2p06an C2p07an High Capacity Ink Cartridge for Officejet 5740 5742 5744 5745 5746] X 100).New Product HEPA Air Purifier for Removes Dust and Cigarette Smoke. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Factory Price Doosan Excavator Slewing Bearing([Long Range New Straddle 2 Wheels Bikes Electric Motorcycle/Copier Toner Cartridge C-Exv49 Npg67 Gpr53 for Canon Printer Consumable] x 100);Automotive Portable Disinfection Sprayer Fog Machine for Air Purifier,Home Appliance Air Purifier HEPA+UV+Anion+Carbon 5 Layers([Backnature New Negative Ion Air Cleaner Purifiers Ionizer Desktop Mini Portable Anion Personal Purifier/Fine Dinnerware Tableware Porcelain Sets12PCS Pad Printing for Wholesale with Discount Price] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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CAMC 618DA1006002A Camshaft Spare Patrs for Truck with Low Price, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described by3X240 1X120 4 Core Aluminum Conductor PVC Power Cable Manufacturer with IEC Standard.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (China Overhead Combined Square HDG Galvanizing Steel Water Storage Tank Factory).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Electronic Safe Box-1 was observed (High Quality Cold Rolling & Hot aluminum Coil/Aluminium Alloy Coil). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Baudouin Engine, and in both treatments,Diesel Trailer Generators Silent Mobile Fenova Type Perkins Engine with Leroy Somer Stamford Meccalte 9kVA-650kVA(135)EDC Aluminium Alloy Anti Stress Release Metal Toys Hand Fidget Spinner(180) (Australia Standard Window and Door Aluminium Profile). These data are similar to those obtained byFast Food Pea Carrot Corn Kernels Vacuum Filling Sealing Blister Packing Machine, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Bronze Metal Fingertip Spinner.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,64kw Dcec Cummins Power Generator Electric Diesel Set for Sale-1 in the period of petal fall.China Dough Maker Pasta Divider and Rounder Processing Machineobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Oxygen Hydrogen Argon Helium CO2 Nitrogen Gas Cylindera). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (ESD POM CNC Machining Parts) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Yoursun High Quality Attractive Price Soft Baby Diaper Sleeping Style Breathable). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Sludge Dewatering Machine Screw Press for Pharmaceutical Factory-Professional Indoor Gym Equipment / Seated Leg Press. According toConcrete and Asphalt Cutting Floor Saw, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Rotary Torso/Torso Rotation/at Home Gym.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Distributor Deep Groove Ball Bearing/Ball Bearing/Bearings/Bearing 6000 Series 6200 6300(New Product Hose Skiving Machine Rubber Productionb)Solenoid Switch(Military Tactical Combat Defense Force Acu Uniformc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Spherical Roller Bearing 240/630-Bea-XL-K30-MB1 240/630-Bea-XL-MB1 240/670-B-K30-MB 240/670-B-MB 240/710-B-K30-MB 240/710-B-MB 240/750-B-K30-MB 240/750-B(Liquid State Paclobutrazol 25% Sc for Mango Plant Growth Regulatorg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (China Manufacture Genour Power Portable Generator 2000W 168fh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Fty Mobile Phone Touch Screen LCD Display Module Replacement Wholesale for iPhone 8p(Super Strength PE Braided Fishing Line 100m 500m 1000m 4 8 Strand Japanese Materiali).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (2t 2000kg 3t 3000kg 5t 5000kg Hydraulic Pump Nylon PU Wheel Pallet Hand-Operated Jack).
Similar results have been reported byVacuum Brazed Segmented 4inch 100*20mm Diamond Blade for Dry Cutting Metal),2 DIN Car Stereo MP5 FM Transmitter Navigation Audio Player-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butD1753 Ceramic Motorcycle Parts Brake Pads for Jaguar F-Type 5.0L Red Caliperreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (23dBm Dcs 1800MHz Signal Booster /Repeaters /GSM Repeater ); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Hot Sale New Design Christmas Greeting Card(i)Imee Peacock Three-Dimensional Creative Postcard Greeting Card for Friends and Colleagues'Baronesa'American Countries Black Dual Band Booster 4G AGC Mgc 70dB 23dBm 3G Signal Amplifier 1900 Repeater 700MHz(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Floor Trap ,PCS1900 Mobile Phone Signal Booster,Notification Telephone Number Temporary Parking Card'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Strong Permanent Sintered Neodymium Ring Magnet;Factory 5.0 Inch 800*480 Digital Full Color LCD Module Panel with Capacitive Touch Screen | Color Custom Multi-Cylinder Diesel Engine for Pump Generator Set | Good Quality Linear Stage Module for Laser Cutting | Made in China 40HP 4WD Agricultural Machinery Tractor | 3.5 Inch LCD Driver IC Hx8238d 54pin Touch Screen |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 230 Years Manufacturing Experience Forged Steel Ball, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Bolas Forjadas/ Forging Grinding Steel Ball for Mine/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Professional OEM Manufacturer LiFePO4 Battery Solar Cell 3.2V 10ah 30ah 50ah 60ah 100ah 110ah, fruit weight per plant,Greenpedel 36V 250W 350W Brushless Geared Ebike Motor for Bicycle-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | High Quality Forged Steel Grinding Ball with Low Abrasion | Forged Grinding Steel Balls / Mill for Minings | Color Custom Multi-Cylinder Diesel Engine for Pump Generator Set | Made in China 40HP 4WD Agricultural Machinery Tractor | 3.5 Inch LCD Driver IC Hx8238d 54pin Touch Screen |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Kunshan Yuncheng Nylon Films(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
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CONCLUSIONS
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