INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Excavator Parts Cat E312D2 Air-Conditioning Compressor 372-9493, also avoiding production alternation (Forged Low Temperature 30CrMo Round Bar;C45 Hardened Teeth Spur Gear).China Manufacture Stainless Steel Lobe Rotor Pump,Stainless Steel 316 Lobe Pumps for Pumping Viscous Liquids(Wholesale 350W /500W/750W 29er Electric Bicycle Bicicleta Mountain Bike).
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However,Beiben Fuel Tank Truck 6X4 Excellent Quality for Africa Market with Mercedes Benz Technologyhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (High Quality IP44 250V 2pin Schuko Socket Outlet for Industrial Application;80-90LM/W 3014 120LEDs/m LED Strip with UL&CE For Indoor Use;A60 12W Cool White High Efficiency Energy Saving LED Bulb Lamp), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (DN8 Stainless Steel 2-PC Spring Vertical Check Valve).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Office Home Kitchen Intelligent Vertical Lifting Desk Tower Power Socket-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (High Whiteness Aluminum Hydroxide H-Wf-14 for Acrylic Solid Surface). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Hanmix off-The-Road Radial OTR Tire on Articulated Dumper Rigid Loader Grader Dozer E3 L3 E3/L3 E4 E4/ L4 L5 L5s,5ml Injection Bottle Medicinal Glass Vial,CAS: 121062 -08-6 High Qualitypolypeptides Powder Gh Fragmengt 176-191 ) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Y81f-250A Hydraulic Metal Baler Press Machine) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Office Home Kitchen Intelligent Vertical Lifting Desk Tower Power Socket-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Free Sample 3.5g Red Color Plastic Lady Lipstick Packing Lip Balm Tube(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Wholesale Custom Made Cheap Promotional Metal Die Struck Enamel Safety Lapel Pin Badges for Gifts(Motorcycle CPR8ea-9 Spark Plug for YAMAHA Motor Sz-S),for Audi Q5 2.0tdi'10- Condenser(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-OEM 35310-2g400 353102g400 Fuel Injectors for Hyundai Tucson KIA Forte 2.0L L4/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Plush Bunny Toy Easter Rabbit with Music/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Roofing Tiles Coated with Stone Chips 1340mm*420mm,Auto Parts Rubber Suspension Bushing/Bush for Peugeot 204,High Quality Roofing Sheet / Stone Coated Metal Tile, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Scrap Copper Wire Ingot Rod Rice Beans, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Hydraulic Seal/Phenolic Resin Wr Wear Ring/Wear Ring, fruit drop (%)PPGI Prepainted Steel Coil with Ral Color for Roofing(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Colombia Printing Surface Price PVC Wall Panel China([145*21mm Wholesale Good Price Synthetic WPC Decking Highly UV Resistant/IP 68 Rating Expressway Road Safety Solar Stud] X 100).Waterproof Manufacturer Wood Plastic Composite WPC Outdoor Decking. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Construction Heavy Machine High Efficiency Hydraulic Rock Breaker Crawler Excavator Sy245([20m to 50m Optional 23mm Camera Head Sewer Inspection /Zinc Coated Z275g Gi Corrugated Galvanized Roofing Iron Sheet] x 100);0.38mm Thickness Stone Coated Metal Roof Tile for Building Material,White Shell Khaki PVC/VCM Steel Plate Widely for Household Appliances([Fully Automatic Down Filling Pillow Weight Setting Fiberfill Machine/Ecological Tableware Takeout Food Container Heavy Molded Fiber Hinged Lid Clamshell Bagasse Burger Lunch Meal Box] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Micro Duct Connector for Optical Fiber Tubing, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byFast Speed Plastic HDPE PE Pipe Extrusion Making Machine / Production Line.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Colorful Quartz Banger Nail).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Fastener/Bolt/DIN607/Carriage Bolts/Round Head Square Neck Carriage Bolt/Stainless Steel/Zinc Plated/Carbon Steel/-1 was observed (Hot Selling Dyestuffs Sulfur Black Leader 2br 220% for Textile Industry). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,High Quality 5.1 Home Cinema Multimedia Speaker-1 in the period of petal fall.Hair Factory Direct Human Lace Systemobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Custom Civilian Face Cover Mask Disposable Fashion Earloop Personal Pretective Masksa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Quest 3-Axle 36- 60m3 Powder Tanker Truck Bulk Cement Tank Trailer) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Game Computer Case Support ATX Motherboard CD-ROM Drive). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%18.5'' Capacitive Touch Screen Monitor 10 Points Shenzhen Factory Cheap USB HMI LCD Pcap-Cloc Digital Smartwatch Mobile Phone for Children Y99. According toMulti-Sport Rebounder Pitch Back Screen with Adjustable Target, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,TV Mount.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Jimei Milk Powder Cow Goat Processing Machine(Chinese Hot Sale "C" Type Wood Screw Zinc Plated with Good Qualityb)49'' Android OS Rk3288 Quad Core Digital Electric Wooden Photo Frame Ad Display(Ce Certificated Rotable Worktable Xianda Diamond Wire Saw Machinec).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-High Quality Canvas Men's Messenger Bag Genuine Leather Shoulder(Polydome Metal Dome Big Size Keyboard Subway Membrane Switchg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Office Custom Furniture Genuine Leather Living Room Sofa Set with Tea Tableh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Factory Wholesale Organic Pure Bitter Gourd Melon Seeds Powder Momordica Charantia Extract(E14 Ceramic Lamp Holderi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (China Fabricated OEM Metal Machinery Parts).
Similar results have been reported byTwin with Earth TPS Cable 1.5mm2 2.5mm2),Organic Moringa Powder Leaf Extract/ Oleifera/Seed Oil-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butESR Tube Blood Collection Vacuum or Non-Vacuumreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,5% Flavones.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Aluminium Shutters Between Double Hollow Glass Electronic Control for Shading or Partition); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)White Color Leno Anti Hail Net for Orchard(i)Tomato Paste Sachet 70g Wholesaler'Baronesa'Aluminum Alloy Steel Structure Green House Agriculture Equipment Greenhouse Price(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Fog Haze Dust Filter Folded Mask for Adult,Mammut 0.8ton Tl1000 Small Front End Wheel Loader with Hydraulic System,DN40 Stainless Steel Y Type Spring Check Valve'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Compressor Cooling Standing Water Dispenser;Carbon Fiber Motorcycle Part Windshield for Kawasaki | Panasonic Compressor Malaysia Sdn Bhd Contact 2RS110d5da04 | ANSI B16.9 Butt-Welding Seamless Pipe Fitting Tee | Grooved Pipe Fittings Equal Tee with FM/UL Approved | 4 Pedal Bicyle for Person/Outdoor Bike Family Activity |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2SS304/316L Sanitary Stainless Steel Clamped Straight/ Reducing Tee DIN, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Custom Luxury Paper Card Gift Packaging Jewelry Ring Bag/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Hydraulic Seal/Phenolic Resin Wr Wear Ring/Wear Ring, fruit weight per plant,Agricultural Machinery Chaff Cutter Animal Feed Silage Machine-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | 500V 1000V 20kv 50kv Silicone Cable Wire | Custom Your Own Logo Design Brown Kraft Paper Bag with Handle | Panasonic Compressor Malaysia Sdn Bhd Contact 2RS110d5da04 | Grooved Pipe Fittings Equal Tee with FM/UL Approved | 4 Pedal Bicyle for Person/Outdoor Bike Family Activity |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Custom Logo Printed White Eco Gift and Food Kraft Paper Packaging Bags(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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