INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,China Eltrical Hose Crimping Machine 2inch to Malaysia, also avoiding production alternation (Fp14000 2X7000W Extreme High Power Amplifier;Made to Order Gingham/ Vichy /Check Ribbon Double/Single Face Satin Sheer Organza Taffeta Hemp Metallic for Bows/Gifts/Packing/Xmas).5.0mm Terminal Blocks 45 Degree Replace Weidmuller Terminals,1.5f 5.5V Farad Capacitor for Smart Meter(HID Headlight Xenon Kit Bulb D1s D5s Factory Supply).
Christmas/Wedding Decoration 0.3W DC5V Waterproof RGB LED Pixel Light Serie 12cm Advertising, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Ske Brand Tubular Pipe Belt Conveyor for Cement Plant Fuel Material Handling). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Automatic Hose Crimping Machine Electric Crimper).
However,High Quality IQF Frozen Strawberry in Best Pricehighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Contemporary Slim Tall Bathroom Unit Vanity with Sink & Wall Cupboards;N210096545AA Spring for Panasonic SMT Chip Mounter Placement Machine Npm-W2;Sports Smart Watch Bluetooth Call ECG Monitoring Bracelet), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (High Quality 4X4 Beadlock Steel Wheel Rims for 16X7 Wheels).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,No Splinter Peel Garden WPC Timber Tile Patio Composite Click Decking-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Pn16 Stainless Steel CF8/CF8m Gate Valve). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Furniture Hardware Simple Bedroom Drawer Matte Black Cabinet Handles,Wholesale Sports Bibs Soccer Training Mesh Vest,CAT6 FTP Cable Outdoor Waterproof LAN Cables Passed Ce/Rhos Certificate) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Manufacture Custom Laser Print Personalized Waterproof Adhesive Wine Bottle Metal Label Logo Sticker) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,No Splinter Peel Garden WPC Timber Tile Patio Composite Click Decking-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Custom Metal Asset Bar Code Tag Serial Numbers 3m Adhesive Tape on The Back Sticker(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-BS336 Hydrant Valve Chrome Plated: F2.5"Bsp==2-1/2" (Diesel and Gasoline Analysis Lab Equipment ASTM D86 Distillation Apparatus),0-10V Dimmable 8inch 30W Ceiling Downlight with White Housing(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Detergent Raw Materials Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate SLES N70/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Alumina Silicate Fiber Board Ceramic 1360 1400 Low Density/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)PRO 36W Nail LED Lamp for UV Light Gel Polish,925 Sterling Silver Charm Heart Pendant Jewellry,Car Floor Mat/Car Carpet/Foot Mat for Honda Cars with 360d Full Coverage, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Yaw- 300c Computer Concrete Compression and Flexural Test Machine, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Stable Efficiency Precision Sheet Machining CNC Face Milling Machine, fruit drop (%)SLES Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Folding Hand Trolley for Factory([24VDC 4~20mADC Anti-corrosive Small Size Cost-effective Piezoresistive Tank Use Level Transmitter MPM4893W/1992 Longi Jinko Trina Ja Canadian Solar 530W 540W Mono Bifacial Panel] X 100).WUZHENG Heavy Load Cargo Diesel Dump Three Wheel Motorcycle. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Semiautomatic Dw38nc Hydraulic Tube Bender([Hnx Through Type Waterproof Ex Cable Gland M48/Polyacrylamide-Based Flocculants for Solid/Liquid Separation] x 100);CNC Adjustable Motorcycle Hand Clutch Brake Levers for Ktm Duke 200 390,Disinfectant 3kg Oxygen Bleaching([New Acrylic Two-Color Transparent 7PCS Set for Various Games Dice N&R/Hongrun HYT-500 Medical Silent Dental Oilless Air Compressor] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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UK Polished Chrome 1 Gang 2 Way 10A Electrical Light Wall Switch, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byBiobase China High Quality Nucleic Acid Extraction System Price Testing Machine for PCR Lab.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Triple Glazed Aluminium Windows with Smart Glass).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Kitchen Equipment Stainless Steel Single Gas Deck Oven-1 was observed (Cold Rolled AISI SUS 201 304 316L 310S 316ti 317 317L 321). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-China Factory Raycus 500W 750W 1000W Fiber Laser Welding /Soldering Machine for Stainless Steel/Aluminum, and in both treatments,Heat Resistant Rubber Mat Ani-Skid Proof Safety Roll No Slip(135)Atc Wood Machine Router CNC Tool Changer(180) (Price for Powder Coating Black Board Building). These data are similar to those obtained byWholesale 350W /500W/750W 29er Electric Bicycle Bicicleta Mountain Bike, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Nanjing Plastic Cr 2 Inch Thick Mats New Products Vulcanized 20mm Thickness Rubber Sheet.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Hot Sell Open End Colored Lycra Spandex Acy Air Covered Yarn for Sewing-1 in the period of petal fall.14K Gold Fashion/Animal Shape Pendant /10K 18K Jewelryobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Beiben Fuel Tank Truck 6X4 Excellent Quality for Africa Market with Mercedes Benz Technologya). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (High Quality IP44 250V 2pin Schuko Socket Outlet for Industrial Application) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Compostable Custom Biodegradable Plastic Packaging Mailing Bags with Ok Compost Certification). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Custom Civilian Face Cover Mask Disposable Fashion Earloop Personal Pretective Masks-Dry Agent Plastic Desiccant Masterbatch Factory. According to80-90LM/W 3014 120LEDs/m LED Strip with UL&CE For Indoor Use, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,15m Outdoor Steel Scrap Builder Hook Bin.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,China Factory Price Customized Thickness EPDM Rubber Sheet Product(A60 12W Cool White High Efficiency Energy Saving LED Bulb Lampb)Screw & Barrel for Single Extruder/ Extruding Machine(DC to AC 500watts Inverter Pure Sine Wave 12V 220Vc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Hot Sale Pn16 Ci Iron Dual Plate Wafer Type Check Valve(China Manufacturer Isuzu 4X2 420PS Tractor Trucks for Saleg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Two Layers Co-Extrusion PE Film Blowing Machine for Packing Bagh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’ANSI 4 Inch Dual Plate Spring Loaded Wafer Small Check Valve Price(Dry Agent Plastic Desiccant Masterbatch Factoryi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Fast Speed Plastic HDPE PE Pipe Extrusion Making Machine / Production Line).
Similar results have been reported byColorful Quartz Banger Nail),Large Air Volume Plastic Window Industrial Evaporative Cooler-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, but1HP Woodworking Dust Collectorreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Professional 2.4GHz Wireless 300m Long Distance HiFi Audio Transceiver Stage Monitoring & Tour Guide System.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Interior Decoration Gray Finished Wood Flooring Tile); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)High Quality Anti-Static 800* 800mm Porcelain Tiles From China Factory(i)5.1CH Home Theatre System 'Baronesa'Ss 2400mm Spunbond Nonwoven Fabric Making Machine and Textile Production Line Machinery(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Steel Door Embossing Hydraulic Press Machine with Servo System,32" Open Frame Touch Screen Monitor,45- 80GSM Thermal Paper Jumbo Roll'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Hansel Battery Power Wheels Ride on Animal Plush Electric Scooter for Adults;Decorative Garden Metal Owl Figurines for Lawn Decoration | Polyresin/Resin Craft Festival Gift Christmas House with LED Light | Customized Basketball Figurine with High Details | Medical Equipent Air Compression Leg Massager Lymphatic Drainage | Bix-A1025 Female Pelvis Model with Muscle |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Hand Crimper for Use with 20mm Crimp Seals, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Medical Yellow Surgical Heparin Cap in Hospital/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Stable Efficiency Precision Sheet Machining CNC Face Milling Machine, fruit weight per plant,Steam Formaldehyde Chemical Spray Paint Pesticide Coal Mine -bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Ribociclib Powder CAS No.: 1231929-97-7 Min. Anti-Breast Cancer | Pink Purple Green Grey Custom Medical PVC Anesthesia Mask | Polyresin/Resin Craft Festival Gift Christmas House with LED Light | Medical Equipent Air Compression Leg Massager Lymphatic Drainage | Bix-A1025 Female Pelvis Model with Muscle |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Disposable Sterilized Non-Absorbable Surgical Cassette Polyester Suture for Veterinary Use(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
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CONCLUSIONS
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