INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,China Non Woven Earloop 4 Ply Disposable Kn95 Face Mask, also avoiding production alternation (Aluminum Sliding Door Prices Narrow Profile with Lock Fabric Glass;1/4") Premix Color Blends Flake Chips Decorative Epoxy Floor Coating).CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine for Glass Leather Stone 4040 40W with Ce FDA,FTTH 16 Port Pon CATV EDFA with Wdm 2u Rack(Brazilian Deep Wave Bundles with Closure Human Hair Remy Weave and).
Popular Waterproof Tyvek Paper Toiletry Case Travel Cosmetic Bag, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Galvanized Q235 Metal Road Guardrail for Thailand). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Px6 Android 10 Car Multimedia Player for KIA Sportage 4 2021-2021 GPS Navigation Audio Radio Music Stereo Touch Screen Head Unit).
However,LCD Display 12V 18600mAh 5.0L Car Multi-function Jump Starterhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (3 Ply Stainless Steel No Oil Fry Pan;Inox 304 Ss Perforated Sheet Brushed No. 4 Mirror;Seat Cover/Trunk Liner - Absorbent Water Oil Mat), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Organic Spirulina Extract Price Pure Blue Pigment).
The ‘metamitron’Fashion Lady PU Leather Shoulder Bag Messenger Leisure Wholesale Handbag Replica (Cheap O-Rings /Rubber O- Ring /Soft Silicone O Best Quality Rubber Seal Oring),Gpon CATV Mini Type 0.9mm 1m Sc/Upc Sc/APC Fiber Optic PLC Splitter(One DIN Car MP3 Player with 2USB Bluetooth Function;10W Automatic Clamping Smart Sensor Car Air Vent Phone Wireless Charger with Holder). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (High Quality Wear-Resistant Bimetallic Crystallized Copper Tubes;Aoteli Brand 13'' Inches Car Tyres Made in China;High Quality Polyester Pre Efficiency Air Filter for Spray Booth Filtration). However,Agricultural Machinery Chaff Cutter Animal Feed Silage Machinepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Mini Projector Moving Head 150W LED Light Spot Effect Stage, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Detergent Raw Materials Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate SLES N70).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Multi-Touch LED Display Interactive Monitor for School Supply.
Pipe Fittings Alloy Steel 1d Sra335 P91 Elbow-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Inline Low Noise Centrifugal Box Fan 800mm-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Polyresin Craft Christmas Gnome candle Holder Resin). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Luxury Marble Dial Stainless Steel Watch Genuine Leather Band Classic Wrist for Men and Women,18.5" Open Flat Capacitive LCD Touch Screen Monitor,Milk Processing Plant Production Line) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Top Quality Food Grade Material 300mAh Battery Vape Pod Cartridge) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Inline Low Noise Centrifugal Box Fan 800mm-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)High Quality 5.1 Home Cinema Multimedia Speaker(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-18.5'' Capacitive Touch Screen Monitor 10 Points Shenzhen Factory Cheap USB HMI LCD Pcap(Cloc Digital Smartwatch Mobile Phone for Children Y99),TV Mount(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Jimei Milk Powder Cow Goat Processing Machine/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,49'' Android OS Rk3288 Quad Core Digital Electric Wooden Photo Frame Ad Display/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)5.1 Home Theater ,Glass Cream Jar 20g,High Quality Canvas Men's Messenger Bag Genuine Leather Shoulder, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Deck Installation Plastic Fasteners, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Professional Crystal Microdermabrasion Beauty Machine , fruit drop (%)SPCC DC01 DC02 DC03 DC04 JIS G 3141 Prime Soft Hard 1020 Cold Rolled Steel Coil(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Coleus Forskohlii Extract Plectranthus Barbatus([Factory Wholesale Organic Pure Bitter Gourd Melon Seeds Powder Momordica Charantia Extract/Organic Moringa Powder Leaf Extract/ Oleifera/Seed Oil] X 100).5% Flavones. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Reliable Factory Supply Wheat Grass Powder Bulk Organic Juice([Organic Sunflower Seed Extract Powder Nootropics Phosphatidylserine/Power Tiller Mini Tracotr Farm Agriclutural Machinery Tractor] x 100);Colored High Elastic Compression Bandages,Medical Orthopaedic Pop Bandage([Full Automatic Industrial Soy Textured Protein Vegetarian Meat Processing Line on Sale/Anti-Friction Ballscrew with Accurancy C7] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Magical Medical Disposable Cannula Needle for Filler Injection).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Compressor Cooling Standing Water Dispenser-1 was observed (12V 1.4kw Starter for Chevrolet 428000 -0460 12567709 12576163 17880). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Wholesale Custom Different Sizes Gift Paper Bag for Clothes, and in both treatments,Tactical Plate Carrier Vest Military Body Armor with Bulletproof(135)Print Logo 5kg Slider Zipper Cat Food Packaging Bags(180) (Black Solar Panel 430W 440W 450W 460watt Mono A Grade for Europe Market). These data are similar to those obtained byTextile Weaving Spare Part Sulzer Projectile Bush 911 722 015, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Aluminum Extrusion Profile for Construction and Industry.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,China Wholesale High Quality Custom Printed Corrugated Cardboard Box-1 in the period of petal fall.China Price Wholesale Stainless Steel Rumbler 10oz 14oz 18oz 20oz 30oz 36oz 64oz Yetis Tumblerobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Ladies Custom Tight Slim-Fitting Gym Yoga Suitsa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Newest Upgraded 550mAh Puff Bar Plus Disposable Device Empty Pod) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (White PVC Foam Sheet Forex Board 3mm 5mm). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Natural Polished Stone Slabs Black Gold Marble with White Veins-Factory Custom Metal Badge Enamel Electroplating Gold Plated Pin. According toWhite Rocker Switch RS-102-10c Auto Parts, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Trendy Reusable Shopping Bags.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,MID Wing Spoiler for Corolla Toyota Car Exterior Accessories 2021+(Full Body Support Well-Rested Wave Shape Latex Foam Mattressb)SS304 SS316L Stainless Steel Tee Sanitary Welded Equal 3 Way SMS Hygienic Grade Pipe for Food Making(Physical Pain Treatment Shockwave Shock Wave Therapy Equipmentc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Promotion: Door to Shipping Service Zambia (Super Bright Aluminum Recessed Mounted 12W 18W 24W 85V-265V Round LED Ceiling Lightg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Titanium Dioxide Rutile for Exterior Paintsh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Best Quality From China Stainless Steel 5t Tube Ice Making Machine for Eating and Freezing(Pre-hardened Plastic Mould Steel 1.2738/P20+Ni Plate HRC29-34i).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (OEM Ce Approved All in One IP67 Customized Wattage Integrated LED Solar Street Lamp with Great Sensor Supply to Un).
Similar results have been reported by1.6mm Double Electric Concertina Barbed Wire Used for Protective Fence),No Fog Clear Face Mask-Reusable Adjustable Nose Wire Washable Transparent-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butDiamond Concrete Floor Grinding Segment Tool with Redi Lockreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Prefabricated Steel Frame Sandwich Panel House in Philippine.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Double Layered Annular Tablet Machine Salt Block Press Various Geometrical Shape); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Ammonium Chloride Fertilizer Pellet Granulator(i)2-3t/H Output Biomass Fuel Wood Sawdust Rice Husk Pelletizer'Baronesa'DG Series New Model Double Roller Granulator With CE Certificate(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Chinese Factory 3-Ply Disposable Non Woven Earloop Face Mask,Factory Disposable Anti Dust Protection 3 Ply Facial Mask,Zoomtak New Arrival Octa Core Android 7.1 Smart TV Box V Plus'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | MPO/MTP Om3 Patch Cord for Data Transmission Fiber Optic Cable;Wholesale Factory Large Quantity in Stock 3 Layer/3 Ply/3ply Disposable Protective Blue Fashion Dust Non Woven/Nonwoven Face Facial Masks with Earloop | Mobile /Portable Self Loading Concrete Mixer Machine for Construction Work | Three Segments Metal Grinding Plate for Concrete Wholesale | China Rhino Excavator Xn20 2.0 Tons with 0.045 Cbm Bucket | Lowest Best Factory Cheap Price High Quality Non Woven 3ply 3 Ply Disposable Single Use Face Facial Mask Protective Supply Masks Respirator in Stock on Sale |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Trade Assurance Mist Sprayer Disinfectant Orchard Diesel Fogging Machine, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'DOT-3AA Approved Small Portable Medical Steel Oxygen Gas Cylinder Seamless Helium Argon/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Professional Crystal Microdermabrasion Beauty Machine , fruit weight per plant,Galvanized Steel Zinc Coating Sheet/Galvanised Coil / Good Package /Galvanized Plate-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Sunyo Jc60 Mini Skid Steer Loader with 60HP Engine Sauer and Eaten Hydraulic Partshot Sale Mode Lhot for Farmers | P2.604 mm Indoor 250*250mm SMD LED Module Panel Display | Mobile /Portable Self Loading Concrete Mixer Machine for Construction Work | China Rhino Excavator Xn20 2.0 Tons with 0.045 Cbm Bucket | Lowest Best Factory Cheap Price High Quality Non Woven 3ply 3 Ply Disposable Single Use Face Facial Mask Protective Supply Masks Respirator in Stock on Sale |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Full Automatic Big Bottle 5L-10L Oil Blower(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
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CONCLUSIONS
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