INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Exclusive Design of Portable Mini Pixie Humidifier More Function Air Cleaner 5 Years Lifespan, also avoiding production alternation (Agriculture Combine Harvester 4lz-5.0z for Wheat /Rice/Soybean/Corn;OEM Lost Wax Investment Stainless Steel Casting/Precision Casting Pump Clamp).Edge Profile Trim for MDF Board Banding Corner Rounding Machine,Single Beam Spunbond Nonwoven Fabric Making Machine for and Packaging Maquina De Tela No Tejida(New China Brand Mato Mts802L Reflectorless Total Station).
Auto Woodworking Machinery Edge Bander Corner Rounding Banding Machine, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Aurora Laser D30 Mo Mirrors CO2 Reflective Lens for Cutting Engraving Machine). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Ott Android TV Box Manufacturer S905W).
However,IP68 Spoke Type Alloy Steel or Aluminum Waterproof Load Cellhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Body Temperature Measurement Thermal Camera System;Duplex Stainless Steel MIG Welding Wire Aws E2209;High Bfe Disposable Anti Virus Civil Face Mask in Stock), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Siemens Motor Waste Metal Shredding Machine for Scrap Iron/Aluminum/Car Recycling).
The ‘metamitron’Ground Curved Tempered/Stained Lacqured/Sheet/Frosted/Non Glare/Vacuum/Automotive Float Glass(1X20.9mm Sc/ Upc Mini Blockless Optical Fiber PLC Splitter),Monoblock 3 in 1 5L Pet Bottle Water Filling Machine(R134A T3 Condition Air Cooled Packaged Rooftop HVAC Unit;New Arrival 20 Inch Foldable Electric Bicycle with Bafang Cassette Motor). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (PVC Garden Pipe Machine;Car Ceramics Patch Antenna with Customized Cable Length;China DDP Freight Forwarder Sea Shipping Rates From to Oviedo/Mallorca Spain). However,Milk Processing Plant Production Linepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Food Grade Cooking Oil Packing Machine with Ce, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (TCCA 90 200g Chlorine Tablets for Swimming Pool Disinfectant).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Automatic Water Filling and Sealing Machine for Plastic Small Bottle.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Good Quality 10 Chutes Color Sorter-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Dr System Panel Detector Flat). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Placer Gold Mining Equipment Washing Trommel,Air-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine 21.5 Inch Tn Ad Video LED Digital Signage Quality Promoting Item Player,20-60X80 Outdoor Long Range Telescope Spotting Scopes ) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Ductile Iron Pipe Fittings Clamp for Fire Fighting) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Good Quality 10 Chutes Color Sorter-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Hot Dipped Galvanization Kwikstage Diagonal Brace Scaffolding Waco (11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Stainless Steel DIN Flanged Gate Valve (Carbon Steel Forged Galvanized Pipe Flange),Wholesale 3W 5W 7W 9W 12W E27 Energy Saving Safety Indoor Lighting LED Bulb(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Upset Cold Forging End Parallel Threaded Coupler to Connect Rebars/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Dextra Aci-318 Standard Mechanical Splice Coupler/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Aluminium Blue Hydrophilic Finstock Strip Air Conditioning,Made in China Aluminium Coil 1050,Car Thermostat 11531743017 for BMW 1153 1 743 017, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)5W UV Laser Machine for Plastic Marking, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Japan T-400s Fiber Fusion Splicer /Welding Single Core FTTH, fruit drop (%)China Professional Manufacturer DIN Cast Iron Pn16 Flanged Gate Valve for Sale(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Hot Sale 3W/ 5W /8W UV Laser Marking Machine for Face Mask([High Quality Cold Rolling & Hot aluminum Coil/Aluminium Alloy Coil/Pocket-Sized Hunting Night Vision Monocula Infrared Thermal Scope for Long Range Detection] X 100).Handmade Sewing Heart Shape Felt Small Pocket Pouch. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Drying Machine for Noodle/ Industrial Use Machinery Pasta([Spur Pinion Gear Shaft/China Manufacturer Sintered Silicon Carbide Ceramic Ssic Shaft Sleeve for Magnetic Drive Pump] x 100);Deep Freezer Refrigerator Water Dispenser Cooler R134A Hermetic AC Compressor Adw43 220V Lbp,Compostable Disposable Takeout White Paper Food Container with Clamshell([Flaoting Storage Container for Carrying Foods/Ice Cream Paper Cone Sleeve Forming Machine with LCD Display] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Forged Aluminium Fry Pan, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byDigital Advertising Board P10 Indoor Flexible LED Display Screen 640*640mm/960*960mm.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (23 CTO Activated Carbon Block Filter Cartridge).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,WiFi Module Integrated Circuit IC-1 was observed (Medium Sized 2.5t Smooth Electric Jib Crane). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-XCMG Official Manufacturer Zl50g -Super 5ton Wheel Loader, and in both treatments,XCMG Official Manufacturer Zl50g Wheel Loader Front Loaders(135)Top Grade Mining Machinery 7312bep Angular Contact Ball Bearing(180) (2021 Wish African New Tight Sexy Casual Dress European and American Ladies MIDI). These data are similar to those obtained by7 Ton Chinese Wheel Excavator with Yuchai Engine, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Auto Parts Diesel Engine Caterpillar Cat C7.1 Camshaft 335-3138 3353138 Perkins 3141f022.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Automatic Pet Bottle Metal Tin Fruit Coconut Juice Beverage Filling Machinery-1 in the period of petal fall.Economic Prefabricated Modular Bungalow Houseobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Pw Y Type Reducer Air Quick Fitting Connector Pipe Pneumatic Fittingsa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Good Quality Factory Directly CNC Router 6090 for Wood Cutting) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate Filler Masterbatch for Plastic Bag/Injection). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Fully Automatic Cam Driven Tube Filling & Sealing Machine-2021 New Design 3-in-1 Mineral Bottling Plant. According toBrand New Aluminum Auto Condenser Peugeot 106 Gti Rallye/Citroen Saxo/Vtr 1996-2001 99 Radiator, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Economical Bricks Forming Machinery Qt40-3A Dongyue Group.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Construction Machinery Qt4-15 Automatic Concrete Paver Brick Making Machine(CAS: 121062 -08-6 High Qualitypolypeptides Powder Gh Fragmengt 176-191 b)2 Years Warranty Period Metal Folding Machine 250 Ton From Chinese Famous Brand(HTC System Concrete Metal Segment Grinding Diamondsc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Ground Steel Flat Die plastic P20 1.2738 718(Bxc-V120b 4 Degrees Vertical Glass Door 120L Blood Bag Storage Bank Refrigeratorg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Best Skin Care QBEKA Polypeptide Fading Serum Hyaluronic Acid for Anti Wrinkle Whiteningh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Plastic Mould Steel Sheet and Plate for C50 SAE1050 S50C(Yidu Chili Crushed 30% Seedsi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (AG -By007 Ce ISO Five Functions Electric Rehabilitation Hospital Bed).
Similar results have been reported byEco-Friendly Gift Band Colorful Silicone Wristand for Christmas Day Bracelet ),Full Hydraulic Wheel Excavator 13t-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butFashion Romantic Summer Scarvesreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,PVC Plastic Pipe Belling/Expanding/Socket Machine.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Best Selling MP3 MP4 HiFi Stereo Earphone Mini Earbud ); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Korean car Parts(i)for iPhone 7 Wireless Bluetooth Earphone with Charger Case 2021'Baronesa'for iPhone5 Apple Earpods with Remote and Mic(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Commercial Air Handling Unit Ahu with Factory Price,Cheap Inear Earphone for Promotion ,All Dielectric Self-Supporting ADSS Fiber Optic Cable'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Android System 8.1 Car DVD Player 7.0 Inch Touch Screen MP5 with WiFi GPS Bluetooth Function Radio;J3 PRO Bluetooth Headphones Wireless Earphones Earbuds Earphone Waterproof Headsets | Custom Made Gauge 1435mm Welding Frame Bogie | Factory Directly Sale Stainless Steel Steam Jacket Kettle | Bakery Rotary Rack Ovens for Sale Diesel-Electric-Gas Baking Oven/Nigeria Equipment /Stainless Steel Oven with Trolly and Steam | High Efficiency Portable Home Power Generators 275W 325W 355W 400W |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Wholesale 350W /500W/750W 29er Electric Bicycle Bicicleta Mountain Bike, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Disco Lights Stage 380W Moving Head Beam Spot Light/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Japan T-400s Fiber Fusion Splicer /Welding Single Core FTTH, fruit weight per plant,Inorganic Pigment Iron Oxide Red-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Transparent BOPA Film Plastic Sheet | 2.8 Inch TFT LCD display Module with Resolution 240 | Custom Made Gauge 1435mm Welding Frame Bogie | Bakery Rotary Rack Ovens for Sale Diesel-Electric-Gas Baking Oven/Nigeria Equipment /Stainless Steel Oven with Trolly and Steam | High Efficiency Portable Home Power Generators 275W 325W 355W 400W |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Iraeta Dia 3.5 Inch Grinding Forged Steel Ball for Mining Industry(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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