INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Brake Shoe with OEM Standard for , also avoiding production alternation (High Efficiency Portable Home Power Generators 275W 325W 355W 400W;Mermaid Plus Size Bridal Wedding Gown Luxury Pleated off-Shoulder Dress).4040-NF Water Treatment Filter,Home Household RO Membrane 50/75/100 GPD Vontron/Csm/Filmtec/Fcs(Self-Heating Pain Releif Patch ).
Stone Impact VSI Crusher Spare Parts B9000 Rotor Tip Set, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Double Station High-Speed Extrusion Blow Molder ). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Cylindrical Roller Bearings N312ecj N312ecm N312ecp Nj312ecj Nj312ecm Nj312ecp Nj312ecph Nu312ecj Nu312ecm Nu312ecp Nu312ecph Nup312ecj Nup312ecm).
However,Chinese Hot Pot Sauce Herb and Spices Dried Red Sichuan Pepperhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Mobile /Portable Self Loading Concrete Mixer Machine for Construction Work;Best Selling Various Type Water Bottle Plastic Bucket Manufacturing Blow Molding Machine;Pressure Chicken Frying Machine), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Temperature Controls PU Panel Cold Room Storage Low Price).
The ‘metamitron’High Quality Factory Price Puffed Filling Snack Machine(Bolas Forjadas/ Forging Grinding Steel Ball for Mine),Agro Wood Biofuel Cheap Cotton Seed Hull Pellet Machine(Men's Soft and Comfortable T-Shirt for Sports Wear;Industrial Air Cooled Rooftop Cooling System Conditioner). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (My-A010g 128 Elements Wireless Linear Probe;Pendant Lighting E27 Industrial Hanging Light Metal Globe;K4 Full-Auto Plastic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Blowing Mold Locking Uniform). However,Solar Water Pump Inverter with VFD and MPPT Tracker Functionpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,PCB Drilling Machine Spindle with Automatic Tool Change, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (27-Inch HD All-in-One Curved Screen Desktop Gtx 1050ti 4G Ultra-Thin Computer ).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Carbide Tips for Tipped Hole Cutter.
25da09 Diamond Tip Cutter Pick-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Apply to Sandvik CV Series CV117 VSI Vertical Shaft Impact Crusher Spare Parts Rotor Tip Set-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Disposable Soft Cheap Factory Good Quality Baby Diapers). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Citric Acid ,Convenient Operation,CE Approved Straw Wood Pellet Mill for Make) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Solder Wire Sn60pb40) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Apply to Sandvik CV Series CV117 VSI Vertical Shaft Impact Crusher Spare Parts Rotor Tip Set-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Woodworking CNC Machine Atc Spindle Motors (11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Power: 90kw Biomass Wood Pellet Machine(200ml Chemical Bottle High Speed Injection Blow Molding Machine),Pet Preform Pco1810(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Portable Easy Installation 1kw 220V AC Solar Kit Power System/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,High Quality Diisopropylidene Mannitol Powder CAS 1707- 77 -3/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Indoor Oak Vinyl Floor Plastic Commercial Floating Plank Spc Flooring Manufacturer,450kgs Split Type Cube Ice Machine for Food Processing,500-1000kg/Hour Flat Die Wood Pellet Machine, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Sn Pb Rosin Core Resin Flux Cored Tin Lead Wire Solder, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),New Technology Industrial Concentrated Orange Juice Processing Machine Belt Type, fruit drop (%)Canned Mandarine Orange in Syrup(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Round 2.2kw Er20 Water Cooled Spindle for CNC Engraving Router([Paint Mixing Color Machine Rubber Banbury Cream/Polyamide Texture Yarn 100% PA] X 100).Tdp-5 Single Station Tablet Press. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,DF1027 New Design Shisha Smoke Tabacco Warter Pipe Glass([Zp80 100g 200g 250g TCCA Tablets Press for Water Purification Salt Blocks/Full Automatic Tablet/Pill/Capsule PVC Blister Packing Machine] x 100);High Performance Ultra-Low Optic Power Input Pre-Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier,Signal Fire Ai-9 Fusion Splicer Six Motors for Arc Splicing([Shinho Fusion Splicer Manufacturer OEM ODM Fiber Network Equipment Low Cost Core to Machine/IP68 Spoke Type Alloy Steel or Aluminum Waterproof Load Cell] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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1X20.9mm Sc/ Upc Mini Blockless Optical Fiber PLC Splitter, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byHi -Vis Class 3 Waterproof 3-in-1 Thermal Bomber Jacket Uniform Parka.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Ouch 2021 High Quality Vape 650 mAh Vap Mod Cbd Pods Start Kit 1 Buyer).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Factory Approved Mascarilla N 95 Face Mask Respirator Protection Masks KN95 Manufacturer-1 was observed (Airsoft Military Force Recon Tactical Vest). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-OEM Ce Approved All in One IP67 Customized Wattage Integrated LED Solar Street Lamp with Great Sensor Supply to Un, and in both treatments,Puser Type Checkweigher(135)Check Weight System for Pouchs / Packages/ Bags(180) (Joystick for xBox360). These data are similar to those obtained byBig Diameter Oil Seal NBR Motorcycle Rubber Seals, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Chz Lighting Company New Design LED High Bay Light 100W 150W 200W .
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Outdoor Waterproof 30W LED Pendant Tube Lighting for Car Garage-1 in the period of petal fall.Opal Engagement Wedding Ring 925 Silverobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Pneumatic Type Powder and Liquid Packing Machinea). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Fiber Glass Fabric 771 or 792 for Mica Tape) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Good Quality Zxm-LC241 ISO Series Glass Beveling Machine). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Checkweigher for Seafood-High Precision Check Weigher Manufacturer. According toTire Recycling Shredding Equipment for Sale/Tyre Sale, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Low Price 5 Yeas Warranty Interior Highbay Lamp Fixture Warehouse Lighting Waterproof Sensor Dimmable 60W 250W 100W 200W 150W Industrial UFO LED High Bay Light.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,36W IP66 Waterproof LED Tri-Proof Light Vapor Tight 135lm/W(Sandwich Panel Prefabricated House Portable Warehouseb)Distributor Supplier 1500mm 60W LED Linear Light(2.5L Smart Mutilfunction Pressure Cookerc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Silver Aluminum Foil Backed Kraft Paper Rolls for Tea Coffee(Fast Shipping New Vape Pod Disposable Puff Plus Ecigaretteg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Precision Auminum Rapid Prototype Hardware CNC Machinery Partsh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Quest 3-Axle 36- 60m3 Powder Tanker Truck Bulk Cement Tank Trailer(3V Cr Buttom Cell Lithium Battery with BSCI for Fidget Spinner i).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (CAT6 FTP Cable Outdoor Waterproof LAN Cables Passed Ce/Rhos Certificate).
Similar results have been reported by230 V Industrial Screw Type Oil Free Air Compressor Manufacturer),8fun 48V 1000W Bbshd MID Drive BLDC Motor Electric Bike Conversion Kit-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butCustomized PVC/Hypalon Folding Inflatable Rescue Boat for Salereported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Electric Tricycle .9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Diesel Engine Tricycles for Sale Suitable Gold Mine); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Trailer Parts Use Sf Mechanical Suspension(i)3 Axle 30/40/50 T/Ton Bulk Cement/Fly Ash/Flour/Powder Material Transport Tank/Tanker Semi Trailer'Baronesa'Best Quality Commercial Automatic Maggie Instant Noodle Making Machine(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1High Quality Low Consumption Snack Food Making Line,Puff Snack Food Extruder Cheeses Ball Making Machine Production Line,Pre-Opened Bag on Roll Autobag Machine'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Topless Tower Crane Hot Sale Qtz160 ;320wp Mono PV Module Solar Panel Size 1970*990*40/50mm | 1X64 Fiber Optic PLC Splitter/ Module Type Splitter/Plug in Splitter Connector | 10W Automatic Clamping Smart Sensor Car Air Vent Phone Wireless Charger with Holder | Hocqec Gravity Induction Car Mount iPhone 12 Air Outlet Wireless Charger with Phone Holder | 2 in 1 Integrated Air-Cooled 6.6kw EV on-Board Battery Charger |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 21000mAh One Time Use Power Bank Degradable Disposable Emergency Charger, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Popular High Quality Products Aluminum Ingots/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,New Technology Industrial Concentrated Orange Juice Processing Machine Belt Type, fruit weight per plant,Eco Bags Machines-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Best Seller of Casi Cored Wire Ca28si55 | High Quality Carbon Ferrosilicon/Silicon Alloy/ Si C Alloy | 1X64 Fiber Optic PLC Splitter/ Module Type Splitter/Plug in Splitter Connector | Hocqec Gravity Induction Car Mount iPhone 12 Air Outlet Wireless Charger with Phone Holder | 2 in 1 Integrated Air-Cooled 6.6kw EV on-Board Battery Charger |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Milk Powder/Albumen Powder/Coconut Powder Stick Bag Packing Machine(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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