INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Customized Modern High Gloss White Paint MDF Board Lacquer Kitchen Cabinets Furnitures, also avoiding production alternation (Beidi High Quality Satisfied Price UPVC Profiles for 70 Series Windows/Doors Ce Certificate ISO9001;All Dielectric Self-Supporting ADSS Fiber Optic Cable).Italy Design Pink Solid Surface Stone Corian Bathroom Bathtub,Wholesale Small Fishing Hovercraft Inflatable Rowing Boat(49 Inch Hanging Double Sided LCD Screen Android Display Digital Signage).
One DIN Car MP3 Player with 2USB Bluetooth Function, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (in Stock KN95 Masks 5ply Respirator Face Mask). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (New Portable Electrical Tools 600W Hand Wood Planer).
However,Standalone RFID Access Control for Single Door and Securityhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Manufacturers 100 Watt LED Street Light 1000 Motion Sensor Solar;Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver or Brass Diamond Pendant for Sale;Ceramic Fiber Insulation Blanket 1400c for Forges), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Dtii Conveyor Carbon Steel Friction Roller with Customized Painting Color).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Wholesale Fashionable Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver or Brass Cubic Zirconia Hip Hop Ring-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Wholesale China Polo Shirt 65% Cotton and 35% Polyester). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,China Steel Manufacturer H13,Xmas Desktop Decoration Promotion Gift White Cedar Artificial Christmas Tree,Contemporary Slim Tall Bathroom Unit Vanity with Sink & Wall Cupboards) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Factory Price 50kVA 40kw Diesel Power Electric Soundproof Generating Sets with Weichai Ricardo Engine) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Wholesale Fashionable Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver or Brass Cubic Zirconia Hip Hop Ring-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)400puffs Hot Sale Mini Vape Disposable Pen Vitamin Pod System(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Hot RGB Chasing LED Neon Flex with 24V(850lm/M SMD2835 LED Neon Light),Penconazole 10%Ec with CAS 66246-88-6(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Cold Heading Forging Swch10A Saip Annealed Wire Rod Low Carbon Chq Steel for Making Fastener/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Mining Tunnel Zwy-60/30 L0 G1 Hydraulic Power Diesel Engine Crawler Mucking Loader Manufacturer/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Corrosion Resistant High Strength Nm500 Nm450 Nm400 Wear-Resistant Steel Plate,Multi- Storey Steel Building Prefabricated Structure for Workshop/Warehouse,P355gh Hot Rolled Boiler Steel Products for Thermal Power, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Boiler and Pressure Vessel Steel Plate P265gh P295gh P335gh Aormor, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Stainless Steel Food Equipment 3 Way Threaded Plug Valve, fruit drop (%)China Good Quality Boiler and Vessel Steel Plate P355gh(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Portable Automatic Health Care Device Smart Wrist Cuff Sphygmomanometer Bp Apparatus for Household&Hospital([Reusable Cooling Gel Mask for SPA Fatigue Swelling/Remica 8966-60 Burgundy Red Formica Lamiante Sheets] X 100).What Is The Best Pulse Oximeter for Home Use? - Bluetooth Finger. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,12mm Thick Cdf Compact Density Fiber Board Price([Industrial Powder Mixer Price Paddle/Paddle Mixer for Mixing Blending Powder] x 100);Epoxy Polyester Electrostatic Spray Powder Coating for Electric Fan,Mediana SpO2 Sensor with 14pins Compatible Ym-2002 Series([Hot Selling Electric Portable Mini Hydraulic Scissor Lift Table Fixed Small /Scissor Platform/Round Shape Swimming Pool Decoration Beautiful Tile Mosaic Dolphin for Outdoor] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Wood Cutting Machine, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byLuxury Stone Bolivia Blue Granite Slabs for Wall.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (High Quality China Dinner Set Porcelain Tableware Plate Bowl for Daily Use).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,High Speed Carton Erecting Machine with Automatic Gluing and Folding-1 was observed (Greenpedel 36V 250W 350W Brushless Geared Ebike Motor for Bicycle). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Stainless Steel DIN Flanged Gate Valve , and in both treatments,Carbon Steel Forged Galvanized Pipe Flange(135)Wholesale 3W 5W 7W 9W 12W E27 Energy Saving Safety Indoor Lighting LED Bulb(180) (Best Selling Disposable Ecig Vape Pen Rincoe Neso S10). These data are similar to those obtained byKitchen Equipment Stainless Steel Single Gas Deck Oven, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Upset Cold Forging End Parallel Threaded Coupler to Connect Rebars.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Dextra Aci-318 Standard Mechanical Splice Coupler-1 in the period of petal fall.9d Vr Skydiving Simulatorcar Racing Game Machinemall Amusementobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (NPN / PNP TCA Proximity Sensor Square with Cea). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (35L Medical Oxygen Breathing Bag ) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Dehydrated Horseradish Powder 100-120mesh First Grade). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Aluminium Blue Hydrophilic Finstock Strip Air Conditioning-Made in China Aluminium Coil 1050. According toCheap PVC Waterproof Home Decoration 3D Wallpaper Stone, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Car Thermostat 11531743017 for BMW 1153 1 743 017.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,5W UV Laser Machine for Plastic Marking(China Eltrical Hose Crimping Machine 2inch to Malaysiab)Japan T-400s Fiber Fusion Splicer /Welding Single Core FTTH(Sale Dark Green Silk Screen Printing Spray Electroplating Deep Processing Glass Wine Bottle Bakedc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-High Quality Cold Rolling & Hot aluminum Coil/Aluminium Alloy Coil(Galvanized Steel Coil SGCCg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Roof Ventilation Ridge Ventilatorh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’China Manufacturer Sintered Silicon Carbide Ceramic Ssic Shaft Sleeve for Magnetic Drive Pump(Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose PAC/ CMC Powders for Oil Drilling in Chinai).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Healthy Hand Clean Self Check HCG Cassette Test Kit Device).
Similar results have been reported bySunpal All in One 30wp 40wp 60wp Solar LED Light),Deep Freezer Refrigerator Water Dispenser Cooler R134A Hermetic AC Compressor Adw43 220V Lbp-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butCombined Weighing Vertical Packaging Machine Jy-420Areported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Compostable Disposable Takeout White Paper Food Container with Clamshell.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Sunkea Wholesale Price Takeaway Packaging Pulp Lunch Box for Food); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Forged Aluminium Fry Pan(i)WiFi Module Integrated Circuit IC'Baronesa'Meelo Plus Xtv IPTV Box Android 9.0 5g WiFi Bluetooth with Subscription Europe Spanish France Code Channel List Smart TV(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
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Treatments | Magical Medical Disposable Cannula Needle for Filler Injection;High Quality Safe Injectable for Breast Hyaluronic Acid Cross Linked Dermal Filler | Facial Sculpture Dermal Filler 5ml Injection Hyaluronic | Deft Design Pendoo X10 Max Amlogic S905X3 OEM Android 9.0 TV Tuner Set Top Box Hdr10 Vp9+ 3D Video Decoder | Aerosol Can Seal for All Type of Cans 0.1-25L Tin Production Line | 2021 Best Selling Product Famous Korean Brand Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler 1ml for Lip Nasolabial |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Stainless Steel Food Equipment 3 Way Threaded Plug Valve, fruit weight per plant,Hot Sale Our Machine Dt350c Ergonomic Hydraulic Oil Drum Handler-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | High Quality 1ml 2ml 10ml 20ml Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Korea Injection Price. | Breast Injection Deep 10ml Injectable Dermal Filler | Facial Sculpture Dermal Filler 5ml Injection Hyaluronic | Aerosol Can Seal for All Type of Cans 0.1-25L Tin Production Line | 2021 Best Selling Product Famous Korean Brand Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler 1ml for Lip Nasolabial |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Excavator Clutch for Excavartor(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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