INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Nylon Zipper Printing Kll269, also avoiding production alternation (Prime Mover 10 Wheeler 6X4 Sinotruk HOWO Tractor Head Truck;Cellulose Ethers Thickener Additive HPMC for Decorative Mortar).Custom Unisex Plain Sport Baseball Caps,China Factory Supply Disposable SMS Nonwoven Fabrics Patient Surgical Gown with High Quality for Hospital Use(20X CMOS HD Infrared Digital Camera with 360 Degree PTZ for 300m Range).
Price Only Today, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Glass Fiber Fabric for Building Materials). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Zhuoxing Flatbed Vibration Knife Paper Honeycomb Board Corrugated Cardboard Cutter Plotter Box Cutting Machine).
However,Hot Architectural Igcc En Certified Glass Iguhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (P6 Indoor Advertising LED Display;Z90 Android Handheld Payment POS Terminal;Medical Doctor Surgeon Surgical Hospital Protective Safety Exam Mouth Dental Nonwoven 3ply Food Dust Paper Disposable Face Mask with Earloop Tie on), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (A3 30X50cm UV Flatbed Printer with Dx8 Heads).
The ‘metamitron’Personalized Fisherman Bucket Hat with Face Shield for Men Women Kids Anti Dust Cap Fog(Three Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/Inverter),Fashion Winter Warm Poly Wool Thick Flat Bill Hip Hop Grey Embroidery Hat(55 Inch 3X3 LED Backlight Indoor LCD Video Wall with Seamless Ultra Narrow Bezel Panel for Advertising Display;Customized Basketball Figurine with High Details). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Food Service Restaurant Hotel Sanitary Transparent Plastic Mouth Shield;Hydraulic Circuit Training Equipment / Leg Extension & Curl;Wholesale V16 LED Headlight H13 Turbo 80W 8000lm Bulb All in One Car Kit COB Chips). However,Double Tower Distilled Water Distiller Machinepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Sport Cap New Hat Baseball Blank Snapback, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Handheld Multi Gas Detector Portable Sensor IP67 Alarm System).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Basics Collection Garden Decor Metal Wind Spinners Stake.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Wholesale Children Baseball Caps /Fashion Hat and Trucker Hats-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Coil Z100 Z275 Price Dx52D Cold Rolled Galvalume Gi G300 Zinc Coated for Roofing Shee). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Hip- Hop Sports Dance Cap with Custom Logo,Disposable SMS Sterile Surgical Gown AAMI Level,Men's Soft and Comfortable T-Shirt for Sports Wear) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Multi-Sport Rebounder Pitch Back Screen with Adjustable Target) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Wholesale Children Baseball Caps /Fashion Hat and Trucker Hats-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Motorcycle Parts 6306 Deep Groove Ball Bearing with SKF//NSK/NTN/IKO/Timken/ NACHI /Koyo Brand(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Women Clothing Long Sleeve Gingham Print Girls Winter Fitted Mini Sweater Dress(Cotton Linen Swing Dress Desinger Clothing Manufacturer in China),Women Clothing Summer 2 Pieces Tight Party Casual Dresses(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-OEM Printed Logo Breathable Athletic Fitness Tops Gym Wear Men T Shirt Wholesale/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,OEM Fashion Oversized Field Sleeve Show Plain Fitted Sportswear Football Competition Gym Bike Riding Trekking Tracksuit Fitness Clothing Coat Jacket for Men/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Active High Rise Maternity Legging Comfortable Yoga Clothing,Home Decor Embroidered Cushion Cover Grey Blue/White Geometric Floral Canvas Cotton Suqare Embroidery 45X45cm,China Normal White Fresh Garlic 6.0 Cm, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Sealed Clear Tinted Glazed Tempered Cerved Coated 5mm+ 9A +5mm Toughened Double Glazing China Professional Low-E Insulated Glass Price, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Hot Architectural Igcc En Certified Glass Igu, fruit drop (%)Customized 3 Alexs 40FT 45FT Skeleton Semi Trailer(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Far North Infrared Saunas Combination Ceramic Dry Sauna([Sc-Sc mm Duplex Om1/Om2/Om3/Om4 Fiber Optic Patch Cable/GYXTY Uni-Loose Tube Steel Wire Armor Cable Duct G652D Fiber 2-48 Optical] X 100).Hard Cover Cute Book Printing. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Most Buyers Prefer Custom Book Printing([Steel Tape Armoured GYTS 12 Core Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable/Power Cord ] x 100);Customized Print Hard Cover Children Picture Story Education Bound Book Printing on Demand,LC/Sc Simplex Singlemode Fiber Optical Patch Cord([Low Smoke/PVC Insulated/Muti-Core/PVC Sheathed / Control Cable/Automatic Cable Twisting Stranding Machine Twist Wire Cutting Stripping] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Mpd Insulated Bullet Male Disconnects, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byGw Carbide - Tungsten End Mills 4 Flutes Ball Nose Mill.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (What Is The Best Pulse Oximeter for Home Use? - Bluetooth Finger).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,High Quality and Stable Metal Shelves of Supermarket Convenience Stores-1 was observed (Sludge Dewatering Equipment for Reclaimed Water Better Than Belt Press). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-ABS Plastic P Trap with Clean out, and in both treatments,Chengli Brand 3 Axles 40FT Flat Bed Container Semi Trailer 40~50tons(135)Glass Fiber Fabric for Building Materials(180) (3*18m 60 Ton Puma Series Truck Scale Weighbridge). These data are similar to those obtained byHigh Efficiency Portable Home Power Generators 275W 325W 355W 400W, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Factory Price 925 Sterling Silver Bangle with Marquise Cut Cubic Zirconia.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,General/Pattern Ep/St/PVC/Pvg Conveyor Belting China Supplier-1 in the period of petal fall.Mermaid Plus Size Bridal Wedding Gown Luxury Pleated off-Shoulder Dressobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Self-Heating Pain Releif Patch a). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Double Station High-Speed Extrusion Blow Molder ) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Chinese Knuckle Boom Crane Sq6.3zk2q/Sq6.3zk3q for Sale). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Customized ISO 18000 -6c UHF 860-960MHz Alien H3 RFID Wet/Dry Inlay-Hot Selling Rear Shock Suspension 26'' Aluminum Alloy Frame MTB Mountain Bicycle. According toChinese Hot Pot Sauce Herb and Spices Dried Red Sichuan Pepper, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,4X2 15000L Fuel Tank Truck 15m3 Oil Refueling.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Hot Sale Styling Hair Chair Salon Furniture Beauty Equipment(Mobile /Portable Self Loading Concrete Mixer Machine for Construction Workb)Tianjin Factory Wood Self Drilling Drywall Screw/Black Screw(Best Selling Various Type Water Bottle Plastic Bucket Manufacturing Blow Molding Machinec).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-China Wholesale Anion Super Soft Cotton B Grade Sanitary Napkins(Bi-Direction Brushless DC 24V Security Flap Barrier Turnstile with IC ID Card Readerg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Bolas Forjadas/ Forging Grinding Steel Ball for Mineh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’New Advanced 3D 4D Hifu / 11 Lines Skin Tightening Machine(Solar Water Pump Inverter with VFD and MPPT Tracker Functioni).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (27-Inch HD All-in-One Curved Screen Desktop Gtx 1050ti 4G Ultra-Thin Computer ).
Similar results have been reported byTactical Reticle Red DOT Sight for Pistol ),150watt Dimmable HPS Ballasts for Street Lighting-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butEstanla Women's Jeans Shorts Elegant Temperament Ruffled Belt Ladies Culottes Pantsreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,City Street Light Electronic Ballast for HPS 150W.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (High Power Warehouse 150W 200W 250W 300W Linear LED Bay Lights); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)QS Courier Services Air Shipping From China to Algeria(i)Small Children Outdoor Playground Equipment with Plastic Slides 'Baronesa'Smart Outdoor LED Light 6W -100W Integrated Solar Street with Remote Control(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Sea Freight Container Professional Shipping From Guangzhou to Southeast Asia,Sunpal All in One 30wp 40wp 60wp Solar LED Light,International Sea Freight Forwarding Container to Egypt/Turkey/Greece'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Best Fast Sea Cargo Shipping Agent Form China to World for Low International Rates;Land Shipping Service From Guangzhou Yiwu to Europe Transportation | A60 12W Cool White High Efficiency Energy Saving LED Bulb Lamp | Shenzhen China FCL/LCL Service Ocean Shipping to Los Angneles/Houston USA Forwarder | Shipping From Shanghai China to San Francisco USA | 4W LED Panel Down Light 110mm Round Shape |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2High Quality Wholesale Price Ultra Thin LED Panel/Ceiling Light, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'LED Solar Landscape Lamps All-in-One/Integrated Street Garden Wall Light/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Hot Architectural Igcc En Certified Glass Igu, fruit weight per plant,Sc 8 Port Fiber Optic Terminal Box-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Customized Copper Cable Lugs Crimp Type Terminal | Wholesale Good Qaulity LED Lamp From China | A60 12W Cool White High Efficiency Energy Saving LED Bulb Lamp | Shipping From Shanghai China to San Francisco USA | 4W LED Panel Down Light 110mm Round Shape |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
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TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 18W SMD 2835 Square LED Panel Light(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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