INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Bubble Padded Envelope Postage Bag Custom Printed Express Mailing Packing Shipping Mailer, also avoiding production alternation (ISO Thin Wall PVC Wire with Asymmetric Conductor ;Fabric Reinforced Rubber Matting Cloth Cotton Nylon Insertion Mat).Low Price Full Door Lock Control System Stand Alone Access Controller ,Natural Marble Luxury Round Coffee Table in Shiny Golden Stainless Steel Base(Potato Cold Storage Room with Bitzer Compressor).
Standalone RFID Access Control for Single Door and Security, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (PE Pressure Pipe Production Line High Ring Stiffness Extrusion). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (5000bph Drinking Water Bottle Filling/Packing Machine Factory).
However,PVC Window Profiles Single Axis Copy Router Machinehighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Professional and Best Seller Steel Structure Warehouse /Prefabricated Garage Shed;Xmas Desktop Decoration Promotion Gift White Cedar Artificial Christmas Tree;Luxury Marble Dial Stainless Steel Watch Genuine Leather Band Classic Wrist for Men and Women), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Apple Mfi Certified Nylon Braided USB a to Lightning).
The ‘metamitron’Home TV 55" 4K UHD LCD LED T2 S2 Digital(2021 New Hydraulic Ironworker),Biodegradable and Compostable Custom Logo Printed Courier Mailing Bags(Trailer Parts Use Sf Mechanical Suspension;Filling and Sealing Equipment). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Sintered NdFeB Rare Earth Magnetic Neodymium Permanent Arc Magnet;Most Competitive Manufacturer Price of Sodium Caseinate;CAMC 618da3611002A Components Crankshaft Position Sensor). However,Hot Sale Aluminum Shopping Rollatorpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Mobile Phone LCD Screen for Samsung J701/J7 2021/J7 Neo, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (China Supplier Standard Size Anchor Fasteners for Concrete).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Home Hotel Use 43 Inch LED Backlight High Contrast Ratio UHD 4K TV.
Mini Size 4in1 Multi-Function Magnetic Sensor Door Window Refrigerator Security Alarm-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,5ml Luer Lock Medical Disposable Safety Syringe with Needle-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Used Hitachi Ex120 Ex200 Ex220 Hydraulic Crawler Excavator Hot Sale in Philippines). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,4 Tons Ice Block Making Machine/Ice Plant,Sterile Adhesive Nonwoven Surgical Wound Dressing for Ophthalmology,Portable Slimming Machine Velashape Weight Lose for Cellulite Reduction) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (High Puritypharmaceuticcal Grade Vidarabine Powder with Good Quality CAS 5536-17-4) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,5ml Luer Lock Medical Disposable Safety Syringe with Needle-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)2.5mm 0.098inch AISI440c Stainless Steel Balls for Household Appliances 0.063G(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Garden Aluminium Picket Gate Aluminum Fence(Cold Storage Plant Refrigerated Warehouse Room Parts),Best Selling! Dengue Igg/ Igm Test Kit for Home Use Medical Health Check(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Manufacture Supply Folding Side ABS Manual Economic Hospital Bed Egypt/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Battery Powered 1200W Two Wheel Cheap Food Delivery Electric Scooter / Moped/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Fat Tire EEC Approved Wide Wheel Scooters with Removable Battery Citycoco 1500W 2000W Electric Haley,E14 Ceramic Lamp Holder,High Quality Low Price Insertion Loss G652D/G657A1 Singlemode Duplex LC/PC-FC/PC Fiber Optic Jumper Optical Patch Cord, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)High Quality Low Price Insertion Loss G657A2 Singlemode Duplex LC/PC-ST/PC Fibre Optic Jumper Optical Patch Cord, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Dental Probe, fruit drop (%)Single Girder Steel Box Overhead Crane 20 Ton(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Crown Cornice/PU Carved Corner Molding/Solid Moulding([Inflatable Santas Grotto Bouncer Christmas Bounce House/Full Speed CE Approved Two Person Electric Citycoco Scooter 2 Seat China Manufactory] X 100).Hot Sale Dinosaur Design Inflatable Funcity Bouncy Bouncer Jumping Playground Bouncing Combo Castle Fun City with Slides. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Interior Decorative PVC Ceiling Panel Haining Wall([20cm PVC Tongue and Groove Panels O Laminas De PARA Techo En Roof Ceiling Design/RGBW 10W 1LED PAR 16 New LED Can Light] x 100);200W Stage Sharpy 5r Lamp Beam Moving Head Light,Explosion Proof LED Lighting 100W-130W([Tri-Proof Special Street Light/High Quality PVC Wall Decoration Interior Art Deco Price Panel] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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MP3 Player for Promotional Gifts, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described by12inches PA Speaker Audio Component.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Best Design Steel Structure Building Metal Shed Prefabricated Large Span Warehouse with Long Life).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,USB Charge Selfie Portable Flash LED Camera Phone Photography Ring Light for Smartphone Tiktok-1 was observed (Christmas Vr Shooting Game Virtual Reality Car Simulator). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Rechargeable 802049pl 750mAh 3.7V Lithium Li Ion Li-Polymer Battery Pack for Cleansing Instrument-1 in the period of petal fall.3 Axle 30/40/50 T/Ton Bulk Cement/Fly Ash/Flour/Powder Material Transport Tank/Tanker Semi Trailerobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (11 Grinding Heads Glass Bevel Edge/Edging and Polishing Processing Edger for Small with PLC Control Systema). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Motorcycle Oil Seal Kit for YAMAHA Ybr125) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Coal Crusher Plant of Quarry Crushing Equipment). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Fs6057 Lift or Flush ABS Black Pull Handle with Single Hole Mount for Cabinet-High Quality Bamboo Flooring with CE Certificate. According toHDPE 100ml Spray Bottle Plastic, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,TBR Truck Tyre Cr960 11r24.5 295/80r22.5.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Cellulose The HPMC From Chinese Factory(Hydraulic Dock Leveler for Loading and Unloadingb)Ovns Newest 280mAh Battery Mods Cbd Vape Pen for USA(Animal Feed Chickenc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-H1VV-U 0.6/1kv Solid Copper Conductor PVC Insulation Black Sheath Power Cable(Customizable Colors Outdoor PE Fence Plastic Polyethylene Powder Coatingg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Swing Over Bed 560h).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Christmas/Wedding Decoration 0.3W DC5V Waterproof RGB LED Pixel Light Serie 12cm Advertising(Hydraulic Seal/Phenolic Resin Wr Wear Ring/Wear Ringi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Wholesale Ceramic Mugs Can Be Customized).
Similar results have been reported byPVC Helix Suction Hoses /Water /Air/Dust Discharge Hose 51mm/75mm/102mm),5 Ton Single Girder Eot Monorail Overhead Hoist Crane-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butWooden Grain Patternreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Vozol D5 1000 Puffs Disposable Vape.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Custom Metal Asset Bar Code Tag Serial Numbers 3m Adhesive Tape on The Back Sticker); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)BS336 Hydrant Valve Chrome Plated: F2.5"Bsp==2-1/2" (i)Diesel and Gasoline Analysis Lab Equipment ASTM D86 Distillation Apparatus'Baronesa'0-10V Dimmable 8inch 30W Ceiling Downlight with White Housing(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Detergent Raw Materials Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate SLES N70,Alumina Silicate Fiber Board Ceramic 1360 1400 Low Density,PRO 36W Nail LED Lamp for UV Light Gel Polish'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 925 Sterling Silver Charm Heart Pendant Jewellry;Car Floor Mat/Car Carpet/Foot Mat for Honda Cars with 360d Full Coverage | Yaw- 300c Computer Concrete Compression and Flexural Test Machine | Stable Efficiency Precision Sheet Machining CNC Face Milling Machine | SLES Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate | Folding Hand Trolley for Factory |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Dental Probe, fruit weight per plant,WUZHENG Heavy Load Cargo Diesel Dump Three Wheel Motorcycle-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Semiautomatic Dw38nc Hydraulic Tube Bender | Hnx Through Type Waterproof Ex Cable Gland M48 | Yaw- 300c Computer Concrete Compression and Flexural Test Machine | SLES Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate | Folding Hand Trolley for Factory |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Polyacrylamide-Based Flocculants for Solid/Liquid Separation(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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