INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,High Quality Ghana Aluminum Solar Panel Frame From China, also avoiding production alternation (New Arrival 20 Inch Foldable Electric Bicycle with Bafang Cassette Motor;PVC Garden Pipe Machine).5052/5083/5056/5005 H111 /H112 Precise Extruded Aluminum Bar Round,OEM Breathable Economic Disposable Sleepy Baby Diaper for Africa(China DDP Freight Forwarder Sea Shipping Rates From to Oviedo/Mallorca Spain).
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However,TCCA 90 200g Chlorine Tablets for Swimming Pool Disinfectanthighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Korean Version of The New Money Ornaments Tungsten Steel Pendant 857 Gold Creative Personality Fashion Men's and Women's Pendants Tp0042;Digital Advertising Board P10 Indoor Flexible LED Display Screen 640*640mm/960*960mm;23 CTO Activated Carbon Block Filter Cartridge), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (I-Pex 20454- 040t Lvds Cable Edp Display Note PC Screen).
The ‘metamitron’Gmb Cleaning Machine(Metal Customized Logo Printing Car Shaped USB Thumbdrive Flash Drive),Sesame Bean Vibration Cleaning and Sorting Machine(Medium Sized 2.5t Smooth Electric Jib Crane;Yidek Pd354 96*96 Electronic Parameter and Harmonic Measuring Meter). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (High Quality Raw Material Chlorhexidine Acetate Powder CAS 56-95-1 in Stock;Popular Wireless Bluetooth Headphone Tws Mini Touch Waterproof with Headset Charging Earphone;70% Discount for Aluminum Corner Code Mounting Angle Brackets). However,3.2inch Industrial LCD 240X320 Graphic Ili9341V Controller Panel Stn 40pins Display LED Backlightpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Customized Production Line of Lemon Flavor Ice Cream Crisp Tube Machine, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (7 Ton Chinese Wheel Excavator with Yuchai Engine).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Japan Popular 230c Ceramic Electric Hair Straightening Brush .
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,B Grade Eco Daipers Doll Diper Mami Baby Diaper in China-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Shantui Construction Machinery 180HP Small Motor Grader Sg18-3). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,D50 0.6um Precipitated Barium Sulphate Pigment Special,Door Switch /Refrigerator /Switch with Wire,Automatic High Speed Paper Lid Making Machine for Ice Cream Cup) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (New Fresh Harvest Potato Frozen Prefied French Fries) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,B Grade Eco Daipers Doll Diper Mami Baby Diaper in China-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Linear Type Oilve Oil Filling Machine Gravity(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Double Index Aerosol Filling Machine(China Supplier Standard Size Anchor Fasteners for Concrete),Unused Packing Digital Weighing Scale(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Automatic Snack Bag Packaging PE Coated Brown Kraft Paper in Roll for Sugar Sachet/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Semi Automatic Micro Dosing / Powder Filling Machine/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)China Manufacturer Piston Type Dosing High Viscosity Automatic Liquid Filling Machine Rito Pack,Automatic Stainless Screw Sludge Dewatering Equipment for Water Treatment,TUV Ce IP65 LED Tri-Proof Light Waterproof IP69K Lighting Fixture for Extremely Environments, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Multi-Disc Chemical Wastewater Treatment Screw Press Sludge Dewatering, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Customized Design High Quality Poland Shipping Container House for Sale, fruit drop (%)Frd-1000 Continous Solid-Ink Date Coding Band Sealer for Yougurt(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,IP65 LED Linear Waterproof Lighting Fixture Outdoor 600mm 1200mm 1500mm([Hitachi Laminated Safety Gearless Mr Glass Sightseeing Observation Elevator in China/10 Heads/14 Heads/16 Heads Weigher /Multihead for Packing Potato Chips] X 100).Eref16f Farm Battery Wheel New Forklift Electric with Good Quality. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Newest Industry Vertical Turbine Multistage Constant Pressure Slurry Pump for Mining([3ton Everun Brand Erfb30 Electric Counterbalance Forklift Truck with 3 Meters Lift Height/Automatic Multihead Weigher Vertical Granule Biscuit Packing Machine for Pillow Bag] x 100);Clients First Flat Pack Container with Durable Modeling,Panoramic Lift Made in China Good Price([Techase Automatic Polymer Station and Semi-Automatic Chemical Dosing Wmq 1130/Hfcr-8 Mining Crawler Type Rock Engineering/Rotary/Diamond Core Blasthole Drill Rig] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Good Quality Factory Directly CNC Router 6090 for Wood Cutting).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,20FT/40FT Electric Fixed Length Container Spreader-1 was observed (CAS: 121062 -08-6 High Qualitypolypeptides Powder Gh Fragmengt 176-191 ). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-6063t5 Anodizing Aluminium/Aluminum Extruded CNC Machinedtube, and in both treatments,Excavator Hyundai R210 -7 R2200-7 R210LC-7A R225-7 R220-5 R260-5 Hydraulic Pump 31n6-10051(135)12V 12ah 6FM12 Inverter Battery(180) (Electronic Cigarette Smart USB Charger VV Twist 510 Thread Battery). These data are similar to those obtained byCirculation Air Leg Massager Athlete Recovery System, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Parker Standard NBR Nitrile Rubber O-Rings.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Supplier 1.2mm Aluminium Foil Self-Adhesive Bitumen Waterproof Membrane Construction-1 in the period of petal fall.Factory Wholesale Custom Embossed Antique Bronzed Plated Emblem Medalobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Automatic Filling Milk Creamer Powder Coffee Packaging Machinea). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Yidu Chili Crushed 30% Seeds) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Korean Injectable Buttock Enlargement Injections Dermal Filler Hyaluronic Acid). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%En 1.4373 Stainless Steel Plate Price-Low Noise High Efficiency Electric Stationary Rotary Pm VSD Screw Type Air Compressor for Industrial. According toAG -By007 Ce ISO Five Functions Electric Rehabilitation Hospital Bed, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,10.1 Inch LCD Screen Module 1280X800 IPS View 1000 Nit.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,2.4 Inch 240*320(Eco-Friendly Gift Band Colorful Silicone Wristand for Christmas Day Bracelet b)Wholesale Coupling Direct Oil Injected Two Stage Stationary Rotary Screw Low Pressure Air Compressor OEM Seller with Noise/High Efficiency/Attractive Price(Ce En Lpcb Vds Standalone Smoke Detector 10yc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-3.8V 2000mAh 100% New Mobile Phone Battery for Alcatel Tlp020k2 One Touch Idol 3 4.7 6039y 6039h 6039k(Sinicline Custom Logo 3D PVC Label for Backpackg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (P2.604 mm Indoor 250*250mm SMD LED Module Panel Displayh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Laser Cut Embroidery Badge Iron on Patch for Garment(Megatro Radar Tower i).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (SSAW Pipe Production Line).
Similar results have been reported by4 Pedal Bicyle for Person/Outdoor Bike Family Activity ),Weho Nes Series 350W 15A 24V AC DC Power Supply-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butForlong Wheel Steel Rim 5.50X8 4lug on 100mm Mounting Tire Size 16X6.5-8 for Heavy Duty Dump ATV/UTV/Lawn Trailer Usereported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Natural Stone white galaxy polished/honed/flamed/Brushed/Sawn Granite slabs for interiors/ exterior/outdoor floor/wall); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Iran Verde Costa Esmeralda Granite Slabs(i)Wall Decoration Waterproof 3D Wallpaper PE Foam Sticker'Baronesa'Luxury Stone Bolivia Blue Granite Slabs for Wall(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Low Fuel Consumption UK Engine 16kw/20kVA 3phase Silent Diesel Generator,Large Stock Human Virgin Hair Lace Frontal Closure Kinky Straight,823 Complete Unit on Grid Solar System'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Home Use on-Grid Solar Power System with Inverter 4kw;Hex Key Wrench Spanner for Bolt Allen Carbon Steel Nickel Plated | S350gd High-Strength Steel Plate Galvalume Sheet | Angelbella Brazilian Body Wave 5X5 Closure Natural Color Human Hair Lace Light Brown Swiss 10-24'' Remy | 22 Inch Brazilian Straight Hair 13X4 Lace Frontal Free Closure Natural Color Remy Human | Factory Sale Various Widely Used Moulds for Plastic Toy Plasic Mould Making |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Plastic Injection Household Daily Necessities Mould, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'High Pressure Hydraulic Rubber Hose/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Customized Design High Quality Poland Shipping Container House for Sale, fruit weight per plant,Yute Rubber Hose SAE J1401 Brake 1/8" Hl-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Solid Timber Wooden Interior Swing Door | High Quality Graphite Petroleum Coke | S350gd High-Strength Steel Plate Galvalume Sheet | 22 Inch Brazilian Straight Hair 13X4 Lace Frontal Free Closure Natural Color Remy Human | Factory Sale Various Widely Used Moulds for Plastic Toy Plasic Mould Making |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Low Ash Consumption Graphite Electrode UHP500mm with 4tpi(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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PLC Control Lab Double Roll Mill Mixer. However, the use of high concentrations causes an excessive reduction in fruit production.
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