INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Plastic Packaging Materials for Food Bag Making by BOPA Films, also avoiding production alternation (Plastic Bottle Wrapped Bamboo Toothpicks;25da09 Diamond Tip Cutter Pick).LED Solar Street Light 100W 120W 150W with Mono Poly Panel to Africa North America South Southeast Asia Europe,CO2 Laser Cutter Machine Metal and Non-Metal Cutting(for Chery A3 Car DVD GPS Bluetooh Video Navigation System).
16r 330W Beam Moving Head Light Stage, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Brass Hot Forged Water Distributor Manifold). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (RGB/RGBW/ RGBA SMD5050 LED Strip Light with IP65).
However,Creative Wood Grain 304 Stainless Steel Mug Vacuum Water Cup Cute Mini Pot Bellyhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Mediana SpO2 Sensor with 14pins Compatible Ym-2002 Series;Wholesale Super Soft Qualified Nylon Multi Mono Fishing Net;Silver Nitrate Indelible Marker Pen with 3G Ink for Election), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (EU VDE Europe Plug Cordset AC Power Cord Supply).
The ‘metamitron’Newest Price MID Motor Kit /Tsdz2 36V 350W(New Acrylic Two-Color Transparent 7PCS Set for Various Games Dice N&R),Gym245W 12V TUV Mono Solar PV Panel for off-Grid System(Monoblock 3 in 1 5L Pet Bottle Water Filling Machine;Made in China 40HP 4WD Agricultural Machinery Tractor). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (1992 Longi Jinko Trina Ja Canadian Solar 530W 540W Mono Bifacial Panel;Steel Wire Mesh Belt Cooling Conveyor with Variable Speed for Fried Food;High Quality Car Radial Tyres ). However,Polyester Drawstring Bagspoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Factory Manufacture High Efficiency Popular 340W , and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Tdh Europe Standard Delicious Natural Good Quality Pet Food Dog Snack Rawhide Chicken Butterfly3).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Mini Laser Engraving Machine CNC Engraver.
330W Beam Spot Moving Head Stage Light-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Dlc ETL Cefactory Wholesale Price LED UFO High Bay Fixture Industrial Light IP65 Waterproof -1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (New Skin Tightening Non-Invasive Shaping Slimming RF Body Weight Control Fat Reduce). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Factory Price Zinc Air Hearing Aid Batteries A10 A13 A312,Energy Meter Test Bench Double Side Type with Ict,Tianqiu AG1 Alkaline Battery Lr621 Button Cell Dry Pilas AA Boton De Bateria Litio) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (99.9% Ybco Sputtering Target for Coating) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Dlc ETL Cefactory Wholesale Price LED UFO High Bay Fixture Industrial Light IP65 Waterproof -1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Super Strength PE Braided Fishing Line 100m 500m 1000m 4 8 Strand Japanese Material(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Water Paints Vibration Screen(Professional Fishing Equipment Nylon Net Decorative),High Quality Monofilament Fishing Net Nylon(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Manual Powder Gun GM03 Corona Ring PC05 #1008 165/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Glass Polishing Abrasive Brown Fused Alumina Bfa for Sand Blasting/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Original M4 Module for Staubli Jacquard,Adult No Screws Metal Bunk Beds,Highly Effective Amicarthiazol + Thiram 15% Fs Pesticide, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Tkf16r Carbide Indexable Turning Grooving Insert with PVD Coated, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Powder Painting Strong Metal Steel Iron Bunk Bed/Double Bed, fruit drop (%)Australia as 2047 Double Glazed Casement Window(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Automatic Robitic Arms Liquid Spray Production Line for Metal Product([High Quality PVC/ UPVC Door Factory Price/Gw Carbide - Tungsten End Mills 4 Flutes Ball Nose Mill] X 100).410 Foshan Stainless Steel Circle of Best Quality. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Gw Carbide- 4 Flutes Ball Nose End Mills Blue Nano Coating for Stainless Steel/Harden Steel([PVC Beach Men Slippers/Home Use Maize and Fertilizer Walker Planter Agricultural Machine] x 100);Solid Carbide Cutter Wood Cutting Tool Compression Cutters for,Custom Blank PVC Ladies Slipper Slides Sandals for Women([2021 Hot New Design Kids Sandals Girls Hard Sole Leather Boys with Back Strap/Beidi High Quality Satisfied Price UPVC Profiles for 70 Series Windows/Doors Ce Certificate ISO9001] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (OEM Medical Equipment Device PCB Printed Circuit Board Assembly Full Turn Key).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Top Quality Animal Feed Manufacturing Plant for Cattle-1 was observed (DF1027 New Design Shisha Smoke Tabacco Warter Pipe Glass). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Strip for Cable, and in both treatments,off Road 4X4 Car Tires for Sale 225/45 R17 205/45(135)Hot Dipping Galvanized Steel Strip(180) (Waterproof and TPU Laminate 10K/5K 150d Polyester Black Woven Fabric for Jackets/Down/Parka/Uniform). These data are similar to those obtained byGood Wholesale Price for Light Truck Tyre, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,11L-15/16 Top Trust Brand Bias Tire with F-3 Pattern.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,High Quality Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Sheet -1 in the period of petal fall.Hand Pallet Trucks 3000kg Lonking Durable Diesel Forklift 3tonsobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (ISO Container Parts of Bamboo Mixed Hardwood Floorboard Size 2400*1160*28mma). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (High Quality Low Price Insertion Loss G652D/G657A1 Singlemode Duplex LC/PC-FC/PC Fiber Optic Jumper Optical Patch Cord) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Precision Lost Wax Steel Casting Products Cast Investment Parts). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%10ml Plastic and Glass Small Travel Perfume Bottle-DIN Standard Factory Price Korean Quality Rechargeable Mf Car Battery 12V 75ah. According toHouse Outdoor Project Colorful Hollow/Solid WPC Decking From China, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Pharmaceutical Equipment High Efficient Tablet Sugar Film-Coating Machine .
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Four Shaft Shredder(Hand Crimper for Use with 20mm Crimp Sealsb)Foodstuff Scilating Granulator & Pulverizer (Golf Clubs Bags Primary Intermediate Club Customc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Best Price 50b24L Ns60L 12V 45ah Mf Korean Car Battery(Hot Sell Tr Twill Fabric for Islamic Men's Arab Thobeg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Fat Tire Best Folding Full Suspension Electric Bike/Ebikeh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Co-Extrusion UPVC Profile for Window Doors Without Le Waterproof PVC Windows /UPVC Profile/Plastic(Zero Leakage Chemical Feeding Phosphoric Acid Magnetic Fluorine Lined Pumpi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (201 Bright Handrail Rectangular Tubing with Promotion Price).
Similar results have been reported byHongrun HYT-500 Medical Silent Dental Oilless Air Compressor),Plastic Textile Yarn Dyeing Bobbin-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butPure Natural High Content Exquisite Composite Latex Foam Mattressreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Metal Sheet Pipe CNC Laser Cutting Engraving Machine in Agricultural.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Hot Selling Science Laboratory Furniture Full Steel Working Desk); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)CNC Milling Machine 5 Axis Vmc640 Machining Center(i)Metal Lathe CNC Ck0680 Flat Bed Machinery'Baronesa'Ck0640 CNC Turning Machine Small Lathe(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Used School Furniture Epoxy Resin Powder Coated Lab,CNC Lathe Machine Tool Manufacturer,Swing Over Bed 560'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 138X20mm Durable Composite WPC Solid Decking for Outdoor Decorative;Hobby Metal Lathe Machine for Mini Precision Parts Processing | Hot Sales Large Horizontal Lathe Machine with 50 Years Experience | Anti-UV Anti Fading Hollow Composite Wood Deck Floor Alfresco Embossed Decking Plank | Building Materials for Quartz Stone Solid Surface Tabletop | Factory Manufacture 9.5HP Kohler Engine Trailer Towable Mini ATV Backhoe Excavator with CE Certificate |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2High Purity Artificial Grey Quartz Stone, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'High Precision Q1325/Q1327 Chuck Big Hole Threading Horizontal Pipe Thread Lathe Machine/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Powder Painting Strong Metal Steel Iron Bunk Bed/Double Bed, fruit weight per plant,6.5HP Gasoline Motor Agricultural Irrigation Water Pump Price List -bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | 20/40FT Modified Modular Prefabricated Movable Shipping Container House | Economic Prefabricated Modular Bungalow House | Hot Sales Large Horizontal Lathe Machine with 50 Years Experience | Building Materials for Quartz Stone Solid Surface Tabletop | Factory Manufacture 9.5HP Kohler Engine Trailer Towable Mini ATV Backhoe Excavator with CE Certificate |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Coriolis Mass Liquid-Gas Flow Meter for Marine Diesel Fuel Oil(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
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CONCLUSIONS
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Apple Ring . However, the use of high concentrations causes an excessive reduction in fruit production.
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