INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,803030 603040 3.7V 650mAh Lipo Battery for Vape Pen, also avoiding production alternation (Home Decor Embroidered Cushion Cover Grey Blue/White Geometric Floral Canvas Cotton Suqare Embroidery 45X45cm;Automobile Windshield Rubber Seal Weatherstrip).Dtp872693 3.7V 3000mAh Rechargeable Li Polymer Battery,New Type 2021 Popular Professional Manufacture Highly Quality MCB and RCCB(Sticker Printer and Cutterthin Film Solar Panelboat Fuse Switch Panel).
New Product Hose Skiving Machine Rubber Production, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Metal Zip Puller for Zippers). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Inquiry About Conveying Food&Beverage Products Modular Belt Inclined Conveyor).
However,Thrust Cylindrical Needle Roller Bearings 29256 29260 29268 29280 872/5302zw/P5 292/560 292/600 292/630 872/670zw/P5 872/900zwhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Cemented Carbide Inserts PVD Coating Epmt0603tn-8 Use for Surface Milling and Shoulder Cutters;Tires Made in China Chinese Truck Ires Brands;3 Ton 4 5 6 Chinese Backhoe Loader Front and Small Backhoes List with Attachment Price Sales in Stock), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Compact Screw Press Conventional Activated Sludge Dewatering Machine).
The ‘metamitron’Power Scrubber Electric Drill Brush for Cleaning(New Luffing Crane Mini D4015 Hot Sales in Malaysia),10mm Mimiture 1no1nc 3pin Self Locking on off Mechanical Push Button Switch(Power Cord ;Solar System Rooftop Factroy Roof 3kw 5kw 6kw 10kw 15kw 20kw 30kw 50kw 100kw Power). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (H7 LED Auto Fog Lamp 18SMD 5050 Bulb Car Bulbs;Gay Lesbian Lgbt Pride Enamel Rainbow Metal Lapel Pin Badge;Motorcycle Parts 6306 Deep Groove Ball Bearing with SKF//NSK/NTN/IKO/Timken/ NACHI /Koyo Brand). However,Bispyribac -Sodium Herbicide & Weedicidepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,24k HDMI to Cable /HDMI Computer, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (300ml Flower Foaming Hand Soap for Kids).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Custom LED Black Silicone Button Keypad Self Adhesive Laser Etching Membrane Switch.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Bronzed Color Surface Mounting Light Switch for European Market-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (15kg Automatic High Efficiency Coin Operated Washing Machine). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,SKX2-80A Electric Automatic Transfer Switch,Double Circuit Transmission Steel Tube Pole Tower,Ab-38 8*8*5.5 Good Quality Hot Sale Micro Power Switch) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Jy-625s Factory Price Auditorium Chair Church with Writing Pad) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Bronzed Color Surface Mounting Light Switch for European Market-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)New Style Prototype LED Window Metal Dome Membrane Keyboard(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Beautiful Indoor Decorative Evergreen Artificial Banana Bonsai Tree(Sticker Printer and Cutterthin Film Solar Panelboat Fuse Switch Panel),Electrical SPD 2p DC for Solar PV System Power with Ce Surge Protector(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Sihoo Latest Price High Quality Ergonomic Height Adjustable Office Mesh Chair/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Party Home Wedding Restaurant Metal Coffee Auditorium Banquet Church Chair/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Customize Foil Compostable Zipper Food Packaging-Stand up Bag Custom Laminated Flexible Aluminum Plastic Packaging Mylar,My-A010g 128 Elements Wireless Linear Probe,Professional Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Neodymium Big Line Array System Vr36, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)All Stainless Steel Structure Hygienic Pressure Transmitter, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Mobile Case Printing Machine, fruit drop (%)Customized Print Tinplate Square Empty Tin Oil Cans with Metal Japan Caps for Auto Motorcycle(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,18W 12V White/ Cool White/RGB Color Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light([Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin/2t 2000kg 3t 3000kg 5t 5000kg Hydraulic Pump Nylon PU Wheel Pallet Hand-Operated Jack] X 100).Factory Customized Bare Copper Electric Wire. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,440V Induction Heating Machine 25kw([5kw 10kw off Grid/Grid Tied Solar Power System with Battery/5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarization WiFi Antenna] x 100);Jwell PP Corrugated Roof Sheet Extruder Machine,Yn725g CE Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader with Cabin([The Most Powerful Eno Guitar Tuner with Metronome and Tone Generator/Dtp606090 Solar Lithium Battery 3.7V Polymer 4000mAh Lipo Batteries] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (MID Wing Spoiler for Corolla Toyota Car Exterior Accessories 2021+).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Disposable Sterile safety Twist Blood Lancet with Cheap Price 21g- 30g-1 was observed (OEM Garcinia Cambogia Slimming Capsule Weight Loss Pills). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-2021 Zhongshan Furniture Director L Shaped Wood Latest Executive Office Workstation Partition, and in both treatments,Hot Sale Star Design Silver with CZ Open Ring(135)New Craft CNC Pattern 925 Sterling Silver Rings for Wedding(180) (Men Hooded Sweatshirt Wholesale Fashion Clothes Customize). These data are similar to those obtained byCCTV/CATV/HDTV RG6 Rg59 Coaxial Cable Siamese, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Red Color Wedding Ring Channel Setting Circle Stone.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Factory-Made Clear Versatile Nonslip Acrylic Plastic Customized Serving Tray-1 in the period of petal fall.Guangzhou Quick Drying Car Paint Acb 1K Primer Surfacer Refinishingobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Waterproof Plastic Wood Texture PVC Flooring for Indoora). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Manual Operated Aluminum Alloy Material Lift) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (PV System Mono 330W Perc Solar Panel 335W Module 340W for Energy with TUV Certificate). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Best Sell and Fashion Square White Ceramic Ring Tray-New Style Office Metal Wood Partition. According toHanmix off-The-Road Radial OTR Tire on Articulated Dumper Rigid Loader Grader Dozer E3 L3 E3/L3 E4 E4/ L4 L5 L5s, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,2021 High Quality Iget Shion Disposable Ecig Vape 600puffs.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,2021 Hot Sale with Security Air Bar Disposable E Liquid Nicotine Free Electronic Cigarette(Lithium Ion Li 18650 E-Bike Battery Pack 36V 8ah 10.5ah with BMS Electric Bicycle Batteriesb)Iget XXL Disposable. E Cig 1800puffs E-Cig Vape Pen Kits(Zy Single Stage Vacuum Insulating Oil Purifierc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Wholesale Electronic Cigarette Plus Xtra Iget Shion Pod Vape(NSK Koyo NTN SKF Timken Brand Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6206-Znr 6206-Zz 6206-Zzc3 6206-Zzc3p6qe6 6207-2rdc3p6qe6 6207-2RS 6207-2rsc3 6207-N 6207-Nrg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Rubber Manufacturing Horse Stable Flooring Mat Sheeth).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’High Quality Automatic Wheat Flour Milling Machine(Replacement hydraulic oil filter cartridge HC8904FKT39Hi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Fashion Black White Kitchen Ceramic Salt Pepper Set with Tray).
Similar results have been reported bySemi Automatic Square Stainless Steel Tube Outside Polishing Equipment),Corn Flour Mill Machine Quality -treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butISO9001 Industrial Nylon Tube/Nylon Tubingreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,European Standards 200t/24h Wheat Mill Machine Flour Milling Machinery.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Soy Bean Curd Sheet); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)500g Semi Automatic Large Quantitative Coffee Powder Flour Particles Filling Machine(i)100g Healthy Rich in Calcium Crispy Biscuit Milk Salty Soda Cracker'Baronesa'Flour /Milk Powder Packing Machine Vertical Form Fill Seal 1kg Pouch Packaging(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Smart Aluminium LED Light Walking Sticks Telescopic FM Sos Flashlight GPS Positioning Cane,Wp16 215/60r15 Chinese Passenger Car Tyres,Chinese Best Quality Price Car Tire with White Sidewall 'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Fuel Injection Common Rail Injector 0445120054 for Bosch Iveco Eurocargo 504091504 2855491 0 445 120 054;Aufine 16.00r25 off Road Tyre with High Quality | Aufine OTR 14.00r24 High Qualiy off Road Tire for Truck | Rt -80sm Double End Tube Chamfering Machine for and Bar | Rt -350nc Metal Circular Saw Cutting Machine for Tube Blade | Good Wholesale Price for Light Truck Tyre |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Commercial Tyre/TBR/Truck Tire 11r22.5 12r22.5 13r22.5, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Wholesale Commercial Electric Bread Baking Wholesale/Commercial Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Oven Gas/Cake Price Bakers Use Rack Ovens/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Mobile Case Printing Machine, fruit weight per plant,Metal Wire Hanging Shower Caddy -bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Copper Plating Chrome-Plating Metal Wire Bathroom Hanging Shower Caddy | High Strength Steel Welding Wire Er100s-G 15kg /D300 Spool | Aufine OTR 14.00r24 High Qualiy off Road Tire for Truck | Rt -350nc Metal Circular Saw Cutting Machine for Tube Blade | Good Wholesale Price for Light Truck Tyre |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Makute Electric Planer 82mm Wood Working Cutting Tools(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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