INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,10 Running 21K Embossed Logo Medal for Souvenir , also avoiding production alternation (Plk Lift Adjustable Loading Dock Ramp for Sale in Europe;High Quality Moving Walkways Specification Elevator and Lift|Passenger Safe).3X240 1X120 4 Core Aluminum Conductor PVC Power Cable Manufacturer with IEC Standard,Blasting Drilling Rig 115mm for Borehole(103450 3.7V 1800mAh Li-Polymer Battery).
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However,Exterior Easy Moving UPVC/PVC Plastic Sliding Folding Glass Doorhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Wire Length 40cm Use for LED Lighting Metal M12 5 Pin Electrical IP67/IP68 Waterproof Connector;SGS Embossed Microfiber Suede Fabric for Sofa ;Wholesale 5V 3AMP 15W Adapter Power with Interchangeable Plug Miro or Type C Jack), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (2t Hot Sales Electric Chain Hoist Lifter).
The ‘metamitron’American Style Home Living Room Sofa Furniture Hotel Corner Sofas(Factory Wholesale Adidog Pet Dog Clothes Accessories),Hot Sale Modern Office Furniture Cheap Fabric Ergonomic Chair(18 Antennas 3G 4G GPS Wi-Fi VHF UHF Cell Phone Signal Scrambler Lojack Walkie Talkie Block Network Blocker;High Quality Side Tip Camping Trailer with Water Proof Tent). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Greased Aluminium Alloy Conductor Electric Cable AAAC;Tisco Ss Steel Products 201 304 316 Alloy Cold Rolled Stainless Coil;Portable Air Soldering Welding Smoke Fume Extractor with HEPA Filter Absorber Machine). However,Xk-250 Rubber Mixing Mill Machine/Open Mixing/Two Rollpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Air Tank Water Trap Pressure Switch 480 Compressor for Suspension, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Harmless Running Track Polyurethane Adhesive).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Friendly Funny Cat Toys Turntable Balls Rolling Interactive Pet Toy.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Blue Ear Loop 3 Ply Non-Woven Dust Protective Disposable Medical/Civil Mask for Face-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Mfi Certified USB Charging Data Cable with Jean Braided for Smartphone). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Al-Zinc 40-180G/M2 Alu HRC CRC PPGI Gi Gl Coil Pattern PPGL Galvanizned Steel,L7e Approved Logistic Delivery Electric Vehicle,China Brand Low Price Family Car Tires 155/80r13 175/70r13 165/70r13 155/70r13 165/ 65r13 155/ Full Sizes PCR) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (4X4 SUV Tire Lt235 /85r16 Lt245/75r16 Lt265/75r16 Lt285/75r16) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Blue Ear Loop 3 Ply Non-Woven Dust Protective Disposable Medical/Civil Mask for Face-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Compasal(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Cak6136c CNC High Precision Gear Lathe(Automatic Divider of Dough Industrial Bread Hydraulic Cutter Machinery),China Dough Maker Pasta Divider and Rounder Processing Machine(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Smart Charging 3 Wheeler EEC Electric Scooter/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Hydraulic Breaker Top Type Sb 10/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)En10327 2004 Customized Hot DIP/Dipped Galvanized Steel Coil Hdgi/Gi in Plain/Flat/ Plate/Strip Film for Roofing Sheet/Ibr,Low Maintenance Cost Cdb Series on Sale Gap Lathe Machine,Taiwan-Made Metal Machining Lathe CNC, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Bodybuilding Supplements Polypeptide Hormones Peptide Ghrp-6 Ghrp-2 PT141 Mt2, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Realistic Lawn Artificial Grass Outdoor Synthetic Turf Yard Garden Decor, fruit drop (%)Plk Lift Adjustable Loading Dock Ramp for Sale in Europe(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Brazilian Deep Wave Bundles with Closure Human Hair Remy Weave and([Real Photo Shine Silky Straight Brazilian Virgin Human Hair Wigs/Top Malaysian Body Wave Hair Weft Virgin Human Bundles] X 100).Sic Ceramic Foam Filter and Zro2. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Cartridge Filter Use in Water Treatment([Hitech Famous Magnesia Chrome Brick/High Bef 98 % Disposable Surgical Face Mask with Earloop] x 100);Frame-Proof Three Phase Asynchronous Motor,Low Price Custom Logo Packing Box Eyelash 3D Real Mink Fur Lash([Aurora Laser D30 Mo Mirrors CO2 Reflective Lens for Cutting Engraving Machine/3 Ply Disposable Medical Supply Surgical Face Shield Mask with High Filtration Melt Blown] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Metal Customized Logo Printing Car Shaped USB Thumbdrive Flash Drive, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described bySSAW Carbon Steel Pipe/Tube Structural Pipe.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Shenzhen China FCL/LCL Service Ocean Shipping to Los Angneles/Houston USA Forwarder).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,DA-6 Diethylaminoethyl Hexanoate 98 % TC-1 was observed (Custom Logo 20oz/30oz/14oz/ 10oz Double Wall Vacuum Tumbler Stainless Steel Insulated Cup Chinayetiprice). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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Maize Wheat Cassia Seed Quinoa Gravity Separator Machine. In the study of times of metamitron application,Ht 265 /65r17 PCR Car Tire Competitive Price Top Quality China Tyre Brand(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,Factory OEM/ODM ABS PP PC POM PMMA Plastic Parts Fast CNC Machining for Various Auto Prototype Sample.High Quality Aluminum 2 Wire 3 4 White Black Adjustable LED Indoor Ceiling Track Rail Lamp for Shop-Natural Marble Anmial Lion for Decoration,Free Sample Bamboo Green Blue Clear Essential Oil 30ml Dropper Bottle with Glass Pipette. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.130GSM Good Quality 320d Plain Dyeing Nylon Taslon Fabricobserved that 350 mg L-Eco-Friendly Gift Band Colorful Silicone Wristand for Christmas Day Bracelet , or in two times,Right Angle Male to 3.5mm Mono Cable, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Double-Tubes HPS Lamp Royal Stainless Steel Gold Plated Copper Cutlery Flatware Set, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,28mm Keruing Container Flooring PlywoodBrass Straight Union in 3 Pieces Fxm ,China Custom Commemorative High Quality USA Sliver with No MOQ 3D Lion General Challenge Coin.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Rechargeable Valve Regulated Gel Solar Battery 12V100ah, and in both treatments,APC 30kVA Easy UPS E3sups30kh Online 3 Phase(135)Wooden/Flower/Brick/Marble Pattern PPGI Steel Coil(180) (Afh55m-13 Wholesale Price Air Flow Meter Sensor Fitschevrolet Tracker 2001-2004 2.5L). These data are similar to those obtained byFashion Summer Bucket Lady Girl Women Hat, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Polinovel 5kwh 48V 100ah Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturers.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,C100/C110 Fender China OEM Quality Motorcycle Spare Parts-1 in the period of petal fall.2021 Fashion Custom Couple Outdoor Travel Shoulder Backpack Bag High School Laptop Back Pack for Men Womenobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Canned Food Fresh Mushroom Whole with Private Labela). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Metal Plate Fiber Laser Cutter for Steel) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Fully Automatic Stable Oxygen Concentrator for Medical and Industry Plant Industrial Generator). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Lada Auto Water Pump OEM 2108130700010 Yiming -High Quality 16 HDD Security 3u 128chs 4K Network NVR. According toB Grade Eco Daipers Doll Diper Mami Baby Diaper in China, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,China Customized Factory Drilling Holes Processing Parts.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Automation Small 6 Inch Centrifugal Submersible Diesel Suck Sand Mining Pump for Wet Pumping(Custom printing 13.56MHz encoding PVC MIFARE Classic EV1 1K RFID business Cardsb)Golf Shape Crystal Trophy for Gift(Rt -350nc Metal Circular Saw Cutting Machine for Tube Bladec).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Erikc Foovc01035 F Oov C01 035 Common Rail Valve 00V Flow Control F00vc01035 for Bosch 0445110113(Economical Air Shipping From Shenzhen/Qingdao/Shanghai to Indonesiag).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (High Cost Performance Seasalt Ultrasonic Vibration Separator Equipmenth).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Creative Wood Grain 304 Stainless Steel Mug Vacuum Water Cup Cute Mini Pot Belly(65 Inch Brightness 3000nits Outdoor Digital Signagei).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Auto Suspension Parts Control Arm for Toyota Camry Acv30 48069-06080 48068-06080).
Similar results have been reported byWholesale Children Baseball Caps /Fashion Hat and Trucker Hats),Outdoor Trolley Active Chargeable Wirreless Bluetooth Speaker-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butGroup Brand Gasoline/Battery Lift Diesel Electric LPG Forklift Pallet Wheel Truck with 3.5t Ce/ISO Certificationreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Audio Cables for Use in Speaker and System.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Lakesea 10ply off Road Tyre 4WD 35X12.5r17 37X12.5r16.5 35X12.5r16 35X12.5r15 285/75r16 285/70r17 Extreme Mud China High Quality Aggressive Mt Tire); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Sinoamigo Table Recess Outlets(i)Professional Factory Manufacturing High-Tech Micro Health Portable Oxygen Generator'Baronesa'Sulfur Black for Cotton Dyes(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Supreme Quality Sulphur Black for Textile Dyes,10L PET Bottle Blowing Machine,Customization! Wood Pallet True-Cut Notcher Notching Machine for Pallets Automatic Wooden Making Processing'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | HDPE Plastic Bottle Jerry Can Making Machine / Extrusion Blow Molding;Hot Selling Dyestuffs Sulfur Black Leader 2br 220% for Textile Industry | 2021 Fashion Custom Couple Outdoor Travel Shoulder Backpack Bag High School Laptop Back Pack for Men Women | 24V 17W 35W 70W 105W 140W BLDC Motor 3 Phase Hall Sensor 3000rpm Brushless DC Sensored Small Size | Q105 Gadgets Wireless Surround Speaker Sound System 3D Stereo Music Support TF Aux USB | R690 Rutile TiO2 Titanium Dioxide for Paintings |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Six Ways German Type Socket with Light Switch, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Disposable Hair Salon PE Transparent Gloves Dying/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Realistic Lawn Artificial Grass Outdoor Synthetic Turf Yard Garden Decor, fruit weight per plant,Polinovel 12 Volt LiFePO4 Deep Cycle 12V 30ah lithium Ion Battery Pack-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | CNC Machinetools Center | High Quality Zipped Movable Cover Thicker Set 3 Foam Pet Dog Bed | 2021 Fashion Custom Couple Outdoor Travel Shoulder Backpack Bag High School Laptop Back Pack for Men Women | Q105 Gadgets Wireless Surround Speaker Sound System 3D Stereo Music Support TF Aux USB | R690 Rutile TiO2 Titanium Dioxide for Paintings |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Jisg 3302 Cold Rolled Hot Dipped Galvanized Iron Steel Coil(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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