INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Compostable Disposable Takeout White Paper Food Container with Clamshell, also avoiding production alternation (Stainless Steel Bowl Cutter Chopper Machine for Meat/Fruit/Vegetable/ Surimi/Cheese/Tofu/Pet Food;Plastic PVC Flexible Clear Transparent Level Hose Water Pipe).Flaoting Storage Container for Carrying Foods,Ice Cream Paper Cone Sleeve Forming Machine with LCD Display(Knuckle Telescopic Boom Crane Robust Design High Reliability for Service).
9 Inch Biodegradable Compostable Disposable Eco Friendly Paper Sugarcane Bagasse Oval Plate, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (9W9015 Casting Bulldozer Ground End Bit). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Best Quality Food Carts/Food Trailer/Mobile Kitchen Truck Hard Ice Cream Carts for Sale).
However,Spiral Lucky Bamboo 30cm-100cm Indoor Plant Flower Fengshui Bonsai Dracaena Sanderiana Evergreenhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Alta Calidad Bajo Precio Pneumatic Fittings Componentes Neumaticos Accesorios connector Rapido Serie Poc;SS304/316L Sanitary Stainless Steel Clamped Straight/ Reducing Tee DIN;Kynar500 PVDF Coated Aluminum Composite Material for Brazil Market), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Custom Size Anodized Aluminum Curved Panel for Exterior Wall Decoration).
The ‘metamitron’Wholesale Super Absorption Kitchen Towel(HVC-510T/2A-G Hualian New Vacuum Sealer with Gas),Pet Urine Puppy Training Pad(Ce Electrical Automatic 3p 4p 800A Transfer Switch;Aluminium Tube/ Pipe/ Tube Manufacturing). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Galvanized Malleable Steel DIN741 Wire Rope Clip;High Quality 35cr 40cr Cold Drawn Round Bar Price Steel;Factory Customized Bare Copper Electric Wire). However,KCMCO- KCT -1280WZ Car Spring Machine&Spiral Forming Machinepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Fricwel Auto Parts Clutch Lining Pad Facing Material Supplier Manufacturer Factory Price Ts16949 ISO9001, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Flour /Milk Powder Packing Machine Vertical Form Fill Seal 1kg Pouch Packaging).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Produce Synthetic Bottle Chip Grade Pet Factory Price Ethylene Glycol.
3 Ply Stainless Steel No Oil Fry Pan-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Sunkea Wholesale Price Takeaway Packaging Pulp Lunch Box for Food-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (1031 15 Ways DBP Traxial Inspecting Equipment Connectors). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Forged Aluminium Fry Pan,WiFi Module Integrated Circuit IC,Meelo Plus Xtv IPTV Box Android 9.0 5g WiFi Bluetooth with Subscription Europe Spanish France Code Channel List Smart TV) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Factory Price Weitamei 18g 100mm Stonger Face Lifting Pcl Molding Cog Threads) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Sunkea Wholesale Price Takeaway Packaging Pulp Lunch Box for Food-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Disposable Syringe 23G 70mm Micro Blunt Cannula for Hypodermic Injection(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Hyaluronic Acid 25g 27g 50mm Blunt Tip Needle Micro Cannules for Filler(Magical Medical Disposable Cannula Needle for Filler Injection),High Quality Safe Injectable for Breast Hyaluronic Acid Cross Linked Dermal Filler(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Facial Sculpture Dermal Filler 5ml Injection Hyaluronic/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Deft Design Pendoo X10 Max Amlogic S905X3 OEM Android 9.0 TV Tuner Set Top Box Hdr10 Vp9+ 3D Video Decoder/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Aerosol Can Seal for All Type of Cans 0.1-25L Tin Production Line,2021 Best Selling Product Famous Korean Brand Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler 1ml for Lip Nasolabial,10ml Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Buttock/Breast Injection, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Manufacture High Quality Tomato Paste, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Hot Sale Our Machine Dt350c Ergonomic Hydraulic Oil Drum Handler, fruit drop (%)High Quality 1ml 2ml 10ml 20ml Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Korea Injection Price.(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Breast Injection Deep 10ml Injectable Dermal Filler([Excavator Clutch for Excavartor/CE Sauer System CS Streamlined Loader with Implement] X 100).OEM/ODM Dish Soap Dishwashing Liquid Detergent Is Easy to Clean. From China. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,XCMG Official Manufacturer Zl50g -Super 5ton Wheel Loader([XCMG Official Manufacturer Zl50g Wheel Loader Front Loaders/Top Grade Mining Machinery 7312bep Angular Contact Ball Bearing] x 100);Auto Parts Diesel Engine Caterpillar Cat C7.1 Camshaft 335-3138 3353138 Perkins 3141f022,Automatic Pet Bottle Metal Tin Fruit Coconut Juice Beverage Filling Machinery([Fully Automatic Cam Driven Tube Filling & Sealing Machine/2021 New Design 3-in-1 Mineral Bottling Plant] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Bonny Wzy28-8c 28 Ton Hydraulic Material Handler with Crawler Crane, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byEnergy Saving Waste Tyre Shredding and Recycling Plant Price Tire Business.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (High Technique Waterproof Sport Watch Smartband Heart Rate Calorie Distance Bluetooth Notification Bracelet).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,8ton Full Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader Sem680d 7.2bucket Capacity-1 was observed (3ton Slewing Arm Crane for Sale). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-All Dielectric Self-Supporting ADSS Fiber Optic Cable, and in both treatments,Android System 8.1 Car DVD Player 7.0 Inch Touch Screen MP5 with WiFi GPS Bluetooth Function Radio(135)J3 PRO Bluetooth Headphones Wireless Earphones Earbuds Earphone Waterproof Headsets(180) (Disposable Non-Woven Eco-Friendly Fabric Nose Mask Fpp2 Respirator Dust). These data are similar to those obtained byP6 High Definition 1080P Full Color Giant Outdoor LED Advertising Sign, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Custom Made Gauge 1435mm Welding Frame Bogie.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Factory Directly Sale Stainless Steel Steam Jacket Kettle-1 in the period of petal fall.PA System Three-Way Touring Line Array Speakerobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (High Refresh Rate 3840Hz P6 P5 Indoor Fixed LED Module Panela). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (High Quality Terminal Ends for Guard Rail System to Angola) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Euro Design Single Shaft Plastic Shredder Machine). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Bakery Rotary Rack Ovens for Sale Diesel-Electric-Gas Baking Oven/Nigeria Equipment /Stainless Steel Oven with Trolly and Steam-High Efficiency Portable Home Power Generators 275W 325W 355W 400W. According to16PCS Golden Fish Franz Coffee Set Elegant Style , high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Wholesale 350W /500W/750W 29er Electric Bicycle Bicicleta Mountain Bike.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Disco Lights Stage 380W Moving Head Beam Spot Light(CNC Machinetools Centerb)Inorganic Pigment Iron Oxide Red(68 100 120 140 165 166 Adult Love New Cheap TPE Sex Doll Full Body Big Ass Silicone for Manc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Iraeta Dia 3.5 Inch Grinding Forged Steel Ball for Mining Industry(Military Camouflage Hunting Tent for Saleg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Disposable Safety Anti- Fog Protection Face Shieldsh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’CNC Hydraulic Sheet Metal Bending Press Brake with Tooling(Leather Industrial Chemicals 85% Formic Acidi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Custom Your Own Logo Design Brown Kraft Paper Bag with Handle).
Similar results have been reported byOutdoor Trolley Active Chargeable Wirreless Bluetooth Speaker),WC67Y /K series sheet metal plate CNC hydraulic press brake-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butS905D Quad Core RAM 1GB Android ATSC TV Boxreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Q35Y-12 Hydraulic Combined Punching & Shearing bending Machine); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Kcn-40060 Electro Hydraulic Synchronous CNC Press Brake with Da66t Controller(i)Factory Children Indoor Playground Equipment for Mall'Baronesa'Factory Price Sand Rock Hard Stone Salt Crusher(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1China Wheat Grinding Machine Sale in Ethiopia ,Easy Operation Twin Shaft Paddle Mixing Machine for Building Materials,PP/Aluminium/Stainless Steel Pneumatic 'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Relay Test Kits Six Phase/ Three Protective Equipment/ Lab Equipment;Insecticide Pyridaben Acaricide with Wholesale Price | High quality | Abamectin 1.8% + acetamiprid 3.2%EC Hot selling!! | Anti Mosquito Net Fiber Glass Mesh Invisible Screen Window | Prefabricated House for Labour Camp Dormitory |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2China Factory Children's Flat Sandals Color Matching, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Modern Garden Waterproof Custom Bioclimatic Aluminium Pergola/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Hot Sale Our Machine Dt350c Ergonomic Hydraulic Oil Drum Handler, fruit weight per plant,Wholesale Exposed Toe Suede Hollow Sling Cross Straps Wzipper The New Sandals-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | The Mose Comfortable Designer Shoes | High Quality Electric Aluminum Roller Shutter with Different Colors | High quality | Anti Mosquito Net Fiber Glass Mesh Invisible Screen Window | Prefabricated House for Labour Camp Dormitory |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Wedge Heel Lady Sandal Shoes(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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White Color Plastic French Casement Window Ropo1563. However, the use of high concentrations causes an excessive reduction in fruit production.
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