INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Frozen Baby Squid, also avoiding production alternation (Home Elevator Guide Shoe ;Customized Automatic Glass Bottle Beer Production Line Complete Gas-Filled Carbonated Drinks Filling Machine).High Quality in Stock CAS 6080-56-4 with Fast Delivery 99% Lead-Acetate Trihydrate,IP68 Waterproof Wall Mounted ABS Plastic Remote Control RGB Lighting Pool(Intimate Personal Water Based Warming or Cooling Feeling Vagina Anal Sex Lubricant 60ml for Couples).
Factory Supply IP68 LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Automatic Waste Tire Recycling Equipment for Shredding Used Tyre). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Wholesale Custom 100% Biodegradable Compostable Eco Friendly Poly Mailers Courier Shipping Bags).
However,Cap Badgehighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (12mm Thick Cdf Compact Density Fiber Board Price;Long Life Carbide Trenching Tools Cutter Pick Bit Kt C24;Mobile Phone Use Deep Bass Dual Speakers Vibrated Wireless Video Game Headphone), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (WC67Y -400X6000 hydraulic carbon steel plate folding machine/metal bending machine).
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Plastic Bottle Wrapped Bamboo Toothpicks-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Running Maize Flour Milling Plant Nairobi Kenya-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Neoprene Square Rubber Bellows with Flange). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,New Crop Frozen Seaweed Wakame Stem Cut,Niloticus Frozen Fish Seafood Black Tilapia Fillet Skinned,3mm 4mm 5mm 8mm 2216 Ultra Thin LED Strip) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Shanghai LY Impact Breaker ) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Running Maize Flour Milling Plant Nairobi Kenya-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Shiny Gold Plated Soft Enamel Metal 3D Us Army Challenge Coin with Diamond Edge (11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-New Design WiFi Bluetooth 600W Lm301b Hydroponic Full Spectrum UV IR Foldable LED Grow Light(Super Absorbent Disposable Adult Diaper with Leak Guard Wholesale Ultra Thin Pants),Mobile Camper Trailer/ Trailer/Fast Food Kitchen Trailer(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Solar Panel 500W 440W 450watt 480W 500 Watt Monocrystalline Price China/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Industrial Puncture -Proof Work Protective Footwear/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)2 Stroke High Pressure Petrol/Gasoline Water Pump,No Leakage Vertical Multisatge Pump for Buliding,Engineered Quartz Stone Countertop/Vanity Top/Work Top Slab, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Physical Pain Treatment Shockwave Shock Wave Therapy Equipment, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Luxury Personalized Hotel Cosmetic Amenities, fruit drop (%)311 Nm UVB Narrowband Phototherapy for Vitigo Psoriasis(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Fuel Dispenser Tatsuno Flow Meter([Mining Machine Spring Cone Crusher for Stone Rock Ore Crushing/300mm Flat Steel Cable Drums for Wire] X 100).Spring Type Hose Reel for Hydraulic Oil. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Opal Engagement Wedding Ring 925 Silver([Impact Crusher /Drop Shipping/Dropship to Belgium /Bulgaria/Denmark/Switzerland/USA] x 100);White Granule Refined Sodium Chloride Salt for Coating Solidification,Inductive Proximity Switch Sensor Sn 20mm 10-30VDC Two-Wire No/Nc([230 V Industrial Screw Type Oil Free Air Compressor Manufacturer/High Quality Side Tip Camping Trailer with Water Proof Tent] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Artificial Vanilla Noir Quartz Custom Black Dresser Top Countertop for Hotel Resisential Bathroom).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,European Market New Type Gel Motorcycle Battery 12V 9ah-1 was observed (25da09 Diamond Tip Cutter Pick). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-68 100 120 140 165 166 Adult Love New Cheap TPE Sex Doll Full Body Big Ass Silicone for Man, and in both treatments,HID Headlight Xenon Kit Bulb D1s D5s Factory Supply(135)HID Conversion Kits for Car(180) (GRP Grating/Customized Grating with Closed Edge). These data are similar to those obtained byWholesale Super Soft Qualified Nylon Multi Mono Fishing Net, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Pop up Modular Designed Flor Sockets.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,10kw Low Rpm Permanent Magnet Alternator-1 in the period of petal fall.Silver Nitrate Indelible Marker Pen with 3G Ink for Electionobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (New Acrylic Two-Color Transparent 7PCS Set for Various Games Dice N&Ra). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Monoblock 3 in 1 5L Pet Bottle Water Filling Machine) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (High Precision CNC Machining Part). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Tungsten Copper Alloy Plate-Cable Trunking Tray Suit for 45type Sockets. According toMade in China 40HP 4WD Agricultural Machinery Tractor, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Quick Start 12V55W Xenon Kit.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Wholesale V16 LED Headlight H13 Turbo 80W 8000lm Bulb All in One Car Kit COB Chips(1992 Longi Jinko Trina Ja Canadian Solar 530W 540W Mono Bifacial Panelb)Halloween Supplies Carnival Party Custom Plastic The Terrorist Ghost Horror Death Scream Mask(High Quality Car Radial Tyres c).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-AC Motor Worm Gear Reducer for Textile Industries(4km PTZ Forest Fire Detection and Alarm Thermal Imaging Camerag).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Tdh Europe Standard Delicious Natural Good Quality Pet Food Dog Snack Rawhide Chicken Butterfly3h).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’High Performance HID Xenon Conversion Kits(DF1027 New Design Shisha Smoke Tabacco Warter Pipe Glassi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Small Children Outdoor Playground Equipment with Plastic Slides ).
Similar results have been reported byStainless Steel 316 Lobe Pumps for Pumping Viscous Liquids),Low Price EPS PS Foam Thermocol Tray Bowl Plate Absorbent Making Machine-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butFiresleeve High Temperature Hose Sleevereported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Dsr100 Oxygen Supply Printer Paper Sand Blast Rotary Lobe Biogas Roots Blower); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Sand Classifier Rubber Granule Linear Vibration Screen Sieve(i)Kitchen Commercial Wall Mount Triple Paper Dispenser for'Baronesa'Office Home Kitchen Intelligent Vertical Lifting Desk Tower Power Socket(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
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Treatments | Y81f-250A Hydraulic Metal Baler Press Machine;Free Sample 3.5g Red Color Plastic Lady Lipstick Packing Lip Balm Tube | Wholesale Custom Made Cheap Promotional Metal Die Struck Enamel Safety Lapel Pin Badges for Gifts | Motorcycle CPR8ea-9 Spark Plug for YAMAHA Motor Sz-S | for Audi Q5 2.0tdi'10- Condenser | OEM 35310-2g400 353102g400 Fuel Injectors for Hyundai Tucson KIA Forte 2.0L L4 |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Plush Bunny Toy Easter Rabbit with Music, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Roofing Tiles Coated with Stone Chips 1340mm*420mm/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Luxury Personalized Hotel Cosmetic Amenities, fruit weight per plant,Auto Parts Rubber Suspension Bushing/Bush for Peugeot 204-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | High Quality Roofing Sheet / Stone Coated Metal Tile | Scrap Copper Wire Ingot Rod Rice Beans | Wholesale Custom Made Cheap Promotional Metal Die Struck Enamel Safety Lapel Pin Badges for Gifts | for Audi Q5 2.0tdi'10- Condenser | OEM 35310-2g400 353102g400 Fuel Injectors for Hyundai Tucson KIA Forte 2.0L L4 |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Hydraulic Seal/Phenolic Resin Wr Wear Ring/Wear Ring(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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