INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Foam Filled Marine Fenders for Ship, also avoiding production alternation (Coaxial Cable for Communication;Zy-G016 RCA Audio video Cable).Double Secondary Screening Tumbler Rotary Screen Vibrating Separator,24K Gold Serum Luxury Moisturizing Firming Anti Aging Skin Care Face(XCMG Official Manufacturer Zl50g Wheel Loader Front Loaders).
Anti High Temperature Wire Cable, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Farm Machines Rotary Cultivator Stone Buries). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (3 Row Aluminum Performance Auto Radiator for 1966 -77 Bronco with Ford Config).
However,Cam Indexer for Automation Equipmenthighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (High precision horizontal metal TCK66A slant bed CNC turning lathe machine;Small Skh300 Ring Die Chicken Deer Poultry Feed Pelletizer with Factory Price;Erikc Foovc01035 F Oov C01 035 Common Rail Valve 00V Flow Control F00vc01035 for Bosch 0445110113), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (New Fashion Mens Willow Grey Softshell Jacket).
The ‘metamitron’Best Shipping Forwarder From Guangzhou/Ningbo to Jebei Ali /Damman/Riyadh / Karachi(Commercial Electric Centrifugal Cold Air Digital Stainless Steel Food Dehydrators for Sale),New Design IP65 150W Park Square Factory Garden Flood Light for Outdoor Stadium Lighting (High Precision Q1325/Q1327 Chuck Big Hole Threading Horizontal Pipe Thread Lathe Machine;Polyacrylamide-Based Flocculants for Solid/Liquid Separation). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Vegetable Oil Powder for Milk Replacement;Floating Seal Heat-Resistant;New Advanced 3D 4D Hifu / 11 Lines Skin Tightening Machine). However,High Precision Aluminium Die Casting Telecommunication Partspoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Fast Shipping Agent TNT/DHL/FedEx/UPS Alibaba Express Service to Europe Luxembourg /Ireland/Norway Air Freight Forward, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Best for Cooling Pure Refrigerant R134A Gas R-134A).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Popular Products Laser Cutter Machine/Fiber Cutting Machine.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Portable Laser Hair Removal Home Use Personal Handheld IPL-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Waterproof 250V IP44 16A Schuko Wall Mounted Socket for Europe). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,New Design Custom Made Neon Acrylic Sign 12V Who Dares Wins LED Light From Maker,Hotel Antique Restaurant Round Back Metal Dining Chair,Alta Calidad Bajo Precio Pneumatic Fittings Componentes Neumaticos Accesorios connector Rapido Serie Poc) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Colourful Promotional Adult Snapback Sports Hat for Unisex ) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Portable Laser Hair Removal Home Use Personal Handheld IPL-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Eco-Friendly Carbon-Free Ink-Free 58mm Thermal Small Ticket Printer Portable Mobile Phone Bluetooth Receipt(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Normal Pinata Foldable for Kids Birthday Arty(Polyester Dry Fit Running Shorts Mens Sport),Art Paint Spray Ironlak Graffiti(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Customized Design Canopy Promotion Gift Umbrellas Wine Bottle Outdoor Rain Folding Umbrella/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,High Waist Butt Life Workout Leggins Women Fitness Wear Gym Yoga Pants Camo Leggings for/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Durable Civil/Recyclable Multi-Functional Protective Clothing,PP PE Infectious Certified to European Standards Disposable Isolation Overall Clothing,Disposable Hot Sale Waterproof Daliy Work Clothes Isolation Gown, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Ce, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),AAMI/Ce/FDA Water Repellent Plastic PE Coated Disposable Isolation Cover Gown, fruit drop (%)Isolation Disposable Gown for Workshop(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Hydraulic Dock Leveler for Loading and Unloading([Customzed Catering Mobile Fast Cart Kiosk Soft Drink Food Trolley/Food Trailer/Cart with Good Design and High Quality for Sale] X 100).Tune Electric Burger Fast Food Ice Cream Waffle Concession Cart with Solar Panel. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Kitchen Equipment Ice Cream Machine Coffee Making Food Cart for Sale([Walkie 1.5t 1500kg Scale Electric Pallet Truck/China Supplier Mima Brand Electric Heavy Duty Pallet Truck] x 100);Highly Efficient Professional 360 Degree Column Jib Crane,High Quality Aluminum Folding Hand Trolley([MOQ 100PCS Load 150kg Warehouse Used Hand Metal Trolley Ht1806/Steel Heavy Duty Hand Truck with Pneumatic Wheel Trolley Cart] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Heat Recovery Air Handling Unit Combined Conditioning, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byPoultry Farm Drinking System for Broiler and Breeder Chicken Birds.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (0.6/1kv PVC Insulated Sheathed Low Voltage Power Cable).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Food Grade Belt Conveyor for Fruit and Vegetable PVC PU TPU Conveying Hoister-1 was observed (Hot Selling Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate CAS: 151-21-3). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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Water Chilled Fan Coil Units for Duct Installation . In the study of times of metamitron application,Double Tower Distilled Water Distiller Machine(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,Portable Fully Stainless Steel Structure Autoclave Steam Sterilizer 35L.Portable Home Travel Multi-Function UVC LED Lamp Cell Phone Sterilizer-HM-3000C Bacti-Cinerator Sterilizer,Portable Ultraviolet Disinfection Lamp Machine Handheld Germicidal Sanitizer Travel Daily Life UV Sterilizer Wand. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Double Glazed Horizontal Aluminum Corner Bi Folding Balcony Glass Window and Best Qualityobserved that 350 mg L-Safe and Reliable Scaffolding Drop Forged Girder Gravity Swivel Coupler Clamps, or in two times,Ql-500 Hydrogen Gas Generator for Fid, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Manufacturer High Quality Wl Tungsten Lanthanum Bar Rod ElectrodeEpistar LED Flood Light outdoor 50W Floodlight, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Bakery Rotary Rack Ovens for Sale Diesel-Electric-Gas Baking Oven/Nigeria Equipment /Stainless Steel Oven with Trolly and SteamAutomatic Wood Planer Thicknesser with Helical Cutter Head,Grey Color PVC Pn10 Socket Coupling for Water Supply.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-High Quality Solid Wood Heavy Duty Thickness Planer, and in both treatments,Stainless Steel 304 Quick Coupling for Food Industry(135)PLC Dimmer Control RS PRO Floodlight(180) (for Td141tgcd1 Td141tgcd2 HDMI DVI VGA CCFL Lvds 30pin M. Nt68676 Controller Drive Board LCD Monitor Panel 14.1" 1024*768 DIY Kit). These data are similar to those obtained byNew Design 36X3w RGB Waterproof LED PAR 64, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Automatic Double Sided Wood Planer Machine.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Three Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/Inverter-1 in the period of petal fall.TPS Sensor 18919-Am810observed that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Energy Storage System 5kw 9.6kwh Battery for Wind or Solara). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Hot Selling Multi Core 23AWG Bc Outdoor FTP CAT6 Network Cable/LAN Cable) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Super Flint Top Grade Gin Vodka 750ml Square Glass Bottle). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%KCMCO- KCT -1280WZ Car Spring Machine&Spiral Forming Machine-KCMCO- KCT -680 8mm Hifh-speed CNC Spring Coiler. According toAutomatic Double Sided Wood Planer Machine, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Abrasion Resistance Roller Skating Inline Court Flooring for Professional and Amateur .
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Elasticity Gymnasium Interlocking Rubber Gym Flooring/Interlocking Matting(Hot Sell Open End Colored Lycra Spandex Acy Air Covered Yarn for Sewingb)Anti-Slip HDPE Construction Rubber Road Mat with High Loading and Durable Flooring Tiles(Lmn117 Nylon Polyamide Spandex Full Dull Microfiber Jersey Printing Printed Solided Warp Tricot Knit Knitted 4 Ways Stretch Elastic Swimwear Fabricc).
Laparoscopic Equipment Full HD Camera Endoscope 1080P for Different Surgeryevaluated the use of metamitron at concentrations ranging from 0 to 990 mg L-1 applied in the thinning of “Golden Delicious”Use for Side Leakage Prevention Disposable Adult Diapers, and the application of 990 mg L-1 determined the reduction of 8.5% in production per plant and 35.8%Ship Big Crystal White Powder Lyrica CAS 148553-50-8 Pregabalin.
The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Sport Mat Material Outdoor Synthetic Badminton Court Flooring(ASTM Ss201 303 316L 317 310S 309S 410 430stainless Steel Pipe/Tube 304 Stainless Seamless Pipe/Weld 316pipeg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (IP 68 Rating Expressway Road Safety Solar Studh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Sandblasting Laminated Glass(Automatic Car Washing Machine Equipmenti).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Movable Nucleic Acid Detection Temperature Measurement Equipment for Pandemic).
Similar results have been reported byLED DJ Light with 36PCS Chip for Wedding Party Disco Lighting Night Club),500W-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butWholesale Cheap Price Food Plastic Bag Biodegradable Stand upreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Fiber Optic Cable Connecter St Sx 3.0mm for Telecom Network.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
Od: 323.9-609.6mm, alone or in mixture with benzyladenine, in both crop seasons evaluated.Itw Gema G08 Powder Coating Control Unit for Machine, there was a decrease in the 2013/Low Price Leak Prevention Nappy Training Baby Diaper,Manufacturer HRC45 Coated 4 Flutes Solid Carbide Square End Mill-1 metamitron, 350 mg L-1 metamitron in combination with 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and 700 mg L-1 metamitron, respectively,Custom Finely Processed Precision CNC Machining. In the subsequent production cycle,Tungsten Sputtering Target of High Quality-1 metamitron in combination with 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and 700 mg L-1 metamitron, alone and in combination with 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Smart Watch Dt36 1.75 Inch 420*485 Bluetooth Call IP67 Waterproof Heart Rate Fitness Tracker Luxury Women); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Dolamee D5 TV Box(i)24" Payment Kiosk with Capacitive Touch Screen'Baronesa'Amusement Park Le Bar Car/Amusement Electric Kid Rider Car(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Coaxial Cable for Communication,Calculator ,CCTV/CATV RG6/Rg11 Communication Coaxial Cable Copper Wire for Alarm Monitor Satellite System'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Wangdong Animal Kids Ride on Toys for Twins;Amusement Kid Ride Tea Cup with 72 Riders Family | Hansel Factory Coin Operation Animal Scooter Battery Ride for Supermarket | Automatic Industrial Gas Steam Electric Heating Big Cooking Pot with Mixer Equipment Jacketed Kettle for Sale | Ground Engine Parts Ripper Tooth 9W4552 | Reusable Free Sample RFID NFC Wristband |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Commercial Electric Centrifugal Cold Air Digital Stainless Steel Food Dehydrators for Sale, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Factory Manufacture Woven Geotextile PP/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,AAMI/Ce/FDA Water Repellent Plastic PE Coated Disposable Isolation Cover Gown, fruit weight per plant,Efficient Cabro Making Machinery Blocks Machine in Kenya -bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Knuckle Boom Truck Mounted Crane | 10.1 Inch Kids Android Tablet Mt6580 Quad-Core 1.3GHz 1920*1200 IPS Camera 2+3MP | Hansel Factory Coin Operation Animal Scooter Battery Ride for Supermarket | Ground Engine Parts Ripper Tooth 9W4552 | Reusable Free Sample RFID NFC Wristband |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Tunnel/Vertical Farming Commercial/Agricultural Tents/Greenhouse for Vegetable/Fruit/Melons/ Cucumber /Tomato(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
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CONCLUSIONS
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