INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,China Professional Manufacturer DIN Cast Iron Pn16 Flanged Gate Valve for Sale, also avoiding production alternation (Plastic Recycling Washing Machine for Pet Bottle;Low Price Continuous Band Sealer Puffed Food Sealing Machine with Air Filling).Hot Sale 3W/ 5W /8W UV Laser Marking Machine for Face Mask,High Quality Cold Rolling & Hot aluminum Coil/Aluminium Alloy Coil(Super Absorbent Disposable Adult Diaper with Leak Guard Wholesale Ultra Thin Pants).
Pocket-Sized Hunting Night Vision Monocula Infrared Thermal Scope for Long Range Detection, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Lowest Best Factory Cheap Price High Quality Non Woven 3ply 3 Ply Disposable Single Use Face Facial Mask Protective Supply Masks Respirator in Stock on Sale). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (New S26 Smart Watch Remote Camera Music Dial Call Bracelet Records Calories Fitness Watches Smartwatch).
However,Agriculture Plastic Film Greenhouse for Vegetableshighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Top Quality UPVC Plastic Tilt and Turn Window Made in China;Tactical Hunting 20mm Rails 1X30 Red and Green DOT Sight;Outdoor Stainless Steel Post Glass Railing Brushed Finish), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Colorful Cheap Stackable Plastic Kids School Bed for Wholesale).
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Compostable Disposable Takeout White Paper Food Container with Clamshell-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (High Performance Line Shaft Diverter Sorting Machine for Postal and Logistic Center). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Flaoting Storage Container for Carrying Foods,Ice Cream Paper Cone Sleeve Forming Machine with LCD Display,9 Inch Biodegradable Compostable Disposable Eco Friendly Paper Sugarcane Bagasse Oval Plate) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Wholesale Super Absorption Kitchen Towel) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Compostable Disposable Takeout White Paper Food Container with Clamshell-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Pet Urine Puppy Training Pad(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Fricwel Auto Parts Clutch Lining Pad Facing Material Supplier Manufacturer Factory Price Ts16949 ISO9001(Produce Synthetic Bottle Chip Grade Pet Factory Price Ethylene Glycol),3 Ply Stainless Steel No Oil Fry Pan(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Sunkea Wholesale Price Takeaway Packaging Pulp Lunch Box for Food/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Forged Aluminium Fry Pan/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)WiFi Module Integrated Circuit IC,Meelo Plus Xtv IPTV Box Android 9.0 5g WiFi Bluetooth with Subscription Europe Spanish France Code Channel List Smart TV,Factory Price Weitamei 18g 100mm Stonger Face Lifting Pcl Molding Cog Threads, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Disposable Syringe 23G 70mm Micro Blunt Cannula for Hypodermic Injection, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Hyaluronic Acid 25g 27g 50mm Blunt Tip Needle Micro Cannules for Filler, fruit drop (%)Magical Medical Disposable Cannula Needle for Filler Injection(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,High Quality Safe Injectable for Breast Hyaluronic Acid Cross Linked Dermal Filler([Facial Sculpture Dermal Filler 5ml Injection Hyaluronic/Deft Design Pendoo X10 Max Amlogic S905X3 OEM Android 9.0 TV Tuner Set Top Box Hdr10 Vp9+ 3D Video Decoder] X 100).Aerosol Can Seal for All Type of Cans 0.1-25L Tin Production Line. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,2021 Best Selling Product Famous Korean Brand Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler 1ml for Lip Nasolabial([10ml Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Buttock/Breast Injection/Manufacture High Quality Tomato Paste] x 100);Hot Sale Our Machine Dt350c Ergonomic Hydraulic Oil Drum Handler,High Quality 1ml 2ml 10ml 20ml Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Korea Injection Price.([Breast Injection Deep 10ml Injectable Dermal Filler/Excavator Clutch for Excavartor] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Fully Automatic Cam Driven Tube Filling & Sealing Machine, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byFashion Design Woven MID- Waisted Lace Ladies Dress for Summer.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Wholesale Heavy Duty Barrel Shape Cotton Cavas Travel Duffle Bag Outdoors Gym Sport Hiking Weekend Duffel).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,2021 New Design 3-in-1 Mineral Bottling Plant-1 was observed (Best Seller of Casi Cored Wire Ca28si55). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Korean car Parts-1 in the period of petal fall.Portable Ultraviolet Disinfection Lamp Machine Handheld Germicidal Sanitizer Travel Daily Life UV Sterilizer Wandobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Fp14000 2X7000W Extreme High Power Amplifiera). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Made to Order Gingham/ Vichy /Check Ribbon Double/Single Face Satin Sheer Organza Taffeta Hemp Metallic for Bows/Gifts/Packing/Xmas) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (5ton 15ton 20ton 30ton 50ton Double Beam Overhead Crane). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%for iPhone 7 Wireless Bluetooth Earphone with Charger Case 2021-for iPhone5 Apple Earpods with Remote and Mic. According toHID Headlight Xenon Kit Bulb D1s D5s Factory Supply, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Commercial Air Handling Unit Ahu with Factory Price.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Cheap Inear Earphone for Promotion (Ske Brand Tubular Pipe Belt Conveyor for Cement Plant Fuel Material Handlingb)All Dielectric Self-Supporting ADSS Fiber Optic Cable(High Quality IQF Frozen Strawberry in Best Pricec).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Custom Made Gauge 1435mm Welding Frame Bogie(Hot Sale Bakery Equipment! ! Gas Deck Oven Bread Pizza Baking Kitchen Equipmentg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (N210096545AA Spring for Panasonic SMT Chip Mounter Placement Machine Npm-W2h).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Disco Lights Stage 380W Moving Head Beam Spot Light(Xk-360 Rubber Roller Open Mixing Mill Machine with Hydraulic Stock Guidei).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Hot Sale Industry Hydraulic Stone Crusher/Cone Crusher).
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In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Transparent BOPA Film Plastic Sheet.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (CNC Hydraulic Press Brake Sheet Metal Bending Machine Capacity 6mm); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Hydraulic Combined Angle Steel Punching and Shearing Machine(i)Q35y-25 Hydraulic Combined Punching and Shearing Semi-Automatic Ironworker'Baronesa'Metal Universal Iron Worker Punch and Shear Machine Steelworker Price(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
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Treatments | Auto Bar Feeder CNC Lathe Machine ;2021 New Hydraulic Ironworker | Q35Y-12 Hydraulic Combined Punching & Shearing bending Machine | Kcn-40060 Electro Hydraulic Synchronous CNC Press Brake with Da66t Controller | Factory Children Indoor Playground Equipment for Mall | Factory Price Sand Rock Hard Stone Salt Crusher |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2China Wheat Grinding Machine Sale in Ethiopia , pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Easy Operation Twin Shaft Paddle Mixing Machine for Building Materials/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Hyaluronic Acid 25g 27g 50mm Blunt Tip Needle Micro Cannules for Filler, fruit weight per plant,PP/Aluminium/Stainless Steel Pneumatic -bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Relay Test Kits Six Phase/ Three Protective Equipment/ Lab Equipment | Insecticide Pyridaben Acaricide with Wholesale Price | Q35Y-12 Hydraulic Combined Punching & Shearing bending Machine | Factory Children Indoor Playground Equipment for Mall | Factory Price Sand Rock Hard Stone Salt Crusher |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | High quality(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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