INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Frame-Proof Three Phase Asynchronous Motor, also avoiding production alternation (24V DC Solar 100W LED Street Light with MPPT Controller;Portable Cryolipolysis Cooling Sculpting Weight Loss Beauty Machine).Low Price Custom Logo Packing Box Eyelash 3D Real Mink Fur Lash,Aurora Laser D30 Mo Mirrors CO2 Reflective Lens for Cutting Engraving Machine(High Quality Colourful Thermosetting Powder Coating).
3 Ply Disposable Medical Supply Surgical Face Shield Mask with High Filtration Melt Blown, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (12MP CCD Automatic Focus Eye Iriscope Body Health Scanner). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Golden Mirror 410 Stainless Steel Sheet).
However,Qlf20A 20A 1200V Iron Base Diode Generator Part Bridge Rectifierhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Car Parking Brake Switch Hand Button for VW Passat OE 3c0927225c/ 3c0927225b;2021 Customize Amazon10cm 20cm 30cm Among Us Crewmate Plush Toys Soft Red Small;New Beautiful Style Wooden Block for Mother's Day Gift), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (304/304L/316L Seamless Stainless Steel Small Od Tube for Heat Exchanger).
The ‘metamitron’Replacement Spare Parts Sprocket for Komatsu Excavator Undercarriage(Pure/ Royal /Carrara White Marble Slabs/Mosaic/Tiles/Counter-Tops Bathroom/Wall Tiles),White Rocker Switch RS-102-10c Auto Parts(Military Marpat Woodland Digital Camouflage Printed Nylon Fabric for Bag;Biodegradable Flat Bag on Roll Compostable Supermarket). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (2 DIN Car Stereo MP5 FM Transmitter Navigation Audio Player;Army Uniform Embroidery Shoulder Board Epaulette with Gold Fringe;Gloves Exammination Protective Plastic Film Transparent Good Quality Clean). However,GCP-12A 12heads Automatic Sweet Liquor Filling Line Machinepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Pavestone, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (2021 Best Selling Modern Home Chinese Round or Rectangular Living Room New Design LED K9 Ceiling Chandelier Luxury).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,New Multi Function Motorcycle Racing Jacket Motorcross Suits with Aluminum Shoulder Armor 800310.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Men's Winter Hooded Cotton- Padded Thickening Vest-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Cosmo 3 PT Cement Mixer). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Angelbella Soft and Best Full Lace Wig Frontal Closure,Metal Customized Logo Printing Car Shaped USB Thumbdrive Flash Drive,DA-6 Diethylaminoethyl Hexanoate 98 % TC) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Hybrid Laser Engraving Machine Cutting Lx-Dk6600 Used in Acrylic Products/Logo Signs/Electronics/ Furniture/ Flooring/Advertising Display/Gift) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Men's Winter Hooded Cotton- Padded Thickening Vest-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)DMS-59 Male to Dual 2 DVI 24+5 Female Splitter Extension Cable for Graphics Cards & Monitor(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Large-Size Double Screw Extruder in Panko Line(in Stock KN95 Masks 5ply Respirator Face Mask),Sundried Natural Color 24mm Twisted Manila /Sisal Firber Rope Hemp(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Bonovo Super V Series V61 Bucket Teeth Tooth Tip Nail Adapter Adaptor V61-K for Excavator Digger Trackhoe/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,High Quality Fast Delivery in Stock KN95 Mask Anti-Dust Kn 95 Face/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Maize Wheat Cassia Seed Quinoa Gravity Separator Machine,Ht 265 /65r17 PCR Car Tire Competitive Price Top Quality China Tyre Brand,Factory OEM/ODM ABS PP PC POM PMMA Plastic Parts Fast CNC Machining for Various Auto Prototype Sample, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)High Quality Aluminum 2 Wire 3 4 White Black Adjustable LED Indoor Ceiling Track Rail Lamp for Shop, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Natural Marble Anmial Lion for Decoration, fruit drop (%)Free Sample Bamboo Green Blue Clear Essential Oil 30ml Dropper Bottle with Glass Pipette(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Eco-Friendly Gift Band Colorful Silicone Wristand for Christmas Day Bracelet ([Right Angle Male to 3.5mm Mono Cable/Royal Stainless Steel Gold Plated Copper Cutlery Flatware Set] X 100).Brass Straight Union in 3 Pieces Fxm . Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,China Custom Commemorative High Quality USA Sliver with No MOQ 3D Lion General Challenge Coin([Rechargeable Valve Regulated Gel Solar Battery 12V100ah/APC 30kVA Easy UPS E3sups30kh Online 3 Phase] x 100);Wooden/Flower/Brick/Marble Pattern PPGI Steel Coil,Polinovel 5kwh 48V 100ah Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturers([C100/C110 Fender China OEM Quality Motorcycle Spare Parts/Lada Auto Water Pump OEM 2108130700010 Yiming ] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Chinese Factory Us UK Certificate Wood Fireproof Doors Five Star Hotel Fire Rated Door).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Tp120-3s 120V 3A Digital Switch Regulated Power Supply for Factory Test Use-1 was observed (OEM 8A0 906 091g Intank Electric Replacement Fuel Pump). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-10L PET Bottle Blowing Machine, and in both treatments,Customization! Wood Pallet True-Cut Notcher Notching Machine for Pallets Automatic Wooden Making Processing(135)HDPE Plastic Bottle Jerry Can Making Machine / Extrusion Blow Molding(180) (China Leading Factory Gt1020 Stone Trommel Screening Portable Mini Screen). These data are similar to those obtained byCustomized High Quality Pink 100% Cotton French Terrry Women Jumper, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Hot Selling Dyestuffs Sulfur Black Leader 2br 220% for Textile Industry.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,2021 Fashion Custom Couple Outdoor Travel Shoulder Backpack Bag High School Laptop Back Pack for Men Women-1 in the period of petal fall.Competitive Price CNC Spark Erosion Die Sinking EDM Machine Znc540observed that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (49'' Android OS Rk3288 Quad Core Digital Electric Wooden Photo Frame Ad Displaya). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Supplier 1.2mm Aluminium Foil Self-Adhesive Bitumen Waterproof Membrane Construction) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Home Decoration Soft Wall Tiles Synthetic PU Leather 3D Wallpaper). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%24V 17W 35W 70W 105W 140W BLDC Motor 3 Phase Hall Sensor 3000rpm Brushless DC Sensored Small Size-Q105 Gadgets Wireless Surround Speaker Sound System 3D Stereo Music Support TF Aux USB. According toCustomizable Natural Stone Animal Sculpture for Garden Landscape, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,R690 Rutile TiO2 Titanium Dioxide for Paintings.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Six Ways German Type Socket with Light Switch(Plastic Shredder Machineb)Disposable Hair Salon PE Transparent Gloves Dying(Aluminum Foil EPE Foam Backed Bubble Insulation for Roofc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-High Quality Zipped Movable Cover Thicker Set 3 Foam Pet Dog Bed(Men Knitted Long Sleeve Round Neck Fashion Sweaterg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (100 People Movable Outdoor Stage Event Tent Clear Span Party Whiteh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Kn95 Mask for Personal Protect Anti-Dust Anti-Fog and Haze Pm2.5 Breathing Disposable Face Dust Respirator(1.25g 2.5g 10g 80km CWDM SFP Module Transceiveri).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Rotary Lobe Pump Positive Displacement for Chocolate Paste).
Similar results have been reported byHome Use Maize and Fertilizer Walker Planter Agricultural Machine),Respiratory Masks N95 Protect The Healthy Breathing of Family Members and Various Styles-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butJIS10K Stainless Steel Slipt Body Flanged Ball Valvereported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,130GSM Good Quality 320d Plain Dyeing Nylon Taslon Fabric.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Cheap FedEx/DHL/UPS Courier Express Service From China to Niger); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Giant OTR Tire /Mine Using/ Huge and Heavy Equipment Using 3300-51(i)White Print Sport Women T Shirt'Baronesa'18 Antennas 3G 4G GPS Wi-Fi VHF UHF Cell Phone Signal Scrambler Lojack Walkie Talkie Block Network Blocker(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
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Treatments | Competitive Price with High Quality Stainless Steel Pipe in Tianjin;3000L Milk Cooling Tank Insulated Cooler | New Alloy Wheels Rim Kin-Lp62 17X9.0 for SUV 4X4 Design | Dust Proof Fresh Air Kn 95 Face Masks with Low Price 16.3*8.0*1.5 Cm | Turning Parts CNC Lathe Precision Motorcycle Engine Products | Colorful Agriculture Greenhouse Fishing Marine Landscape Polyethylene Polyester Polypropylene Polyamide Danline Polysteel Twisted Braided Rope Cord Twine |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Best After Service Brown Sugar Depositing Line, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Cody Lundin High Waist Popular Design Butt Lift Yoga Pants Women Gym Sports Leggings Seamless/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Natural Marble Anmial Lion for Decoration, fruit weight per plant,Modern Metal Leg Round Shape Dining Table Set-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Dingli 18m Jcpt1823rt Engine Scissor Lifts | Oeko-Tex Twisted 100% Rayon Viscose Thread for Machine Embroidery | New Alloy Wheels Rim Kin-Lp62 17X9.0 for SUV 4X4 Design | Turning Parts CNC Lathe Precision Motorcycle Engine Products | Colorful Agriculture Greenhouse Fishing Marine Landscape Polyethylene Polyester Polypropylene Polyamide Danline Polysteel Twisted Braided Rope Cord Twine |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | High Strength and Temperature Resist Aramid Fiber / Kevlar Heat Insulation Sleeve(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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