INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,65 Inch Brightness 3000nits Outdoor Digital Signage, also avoiding production alternation (Fast Shipping 510 Thread Adjustable Voltage Rechargeable Imini Twist Battery;E-Fluence Ad Video Player 55 Inch Super Slim Floor Standing Kiosk Digital Advertising Two Side Touch Screen Monitor).Outdoor 10m 100W LED Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery,55 Inch 3X3 LED Backlight Indoor LCD Video Wall with Seamless Ultra Narrow Bezel Panel for Advertising Display(Textile Weaving Spare Part Sulzer Projectile Bush 911 722 015).
Outdoor Waterproof LED Solar Street Light 40W Split, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (China Price Wholesale Stainless Steel Rumbler 10oz 14oz 18oz 20oz 30oz 36oz 64oz Yetis Tumbler). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (5mm Acid Etched Glass/Pattern Glass/ Deep Glass).
However,Ladies Custom Tight Slim-Fitting Gym Yoga Suitshighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Newest Upgraded 550mAh Puff Bar Plus Disposable Device Empty Pod;White Rocker Switch RS-102-10c Auto Parts;Full Body Support Well-Rested Wave Shape Latex Foam Mattress), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (CNC Forging Lathe Automotive Steel Spare Parts).
The ‘metamitron’46 Inch Outdoor Flood Standing Digital Monitor(Physical Pain Treatment Shockwave Shock Wave Therapy Equipment),30W(Pharmaceutical Equipment High Efficient Tablet Sugar Film-Coating Machine ;Titanium Dioxide Rutile for Exterior Paints). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Polinovel 5kwh 48V 100ah Lithium Ion Battery Manufacturers;Storage Cabinet RF Card Lock;Spiral Galvanized Barbed Wire 2.5mm Diameter). However,Auto Parts BV50 Turbine Rotor Shaft Wheelpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Creative LED Light, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (4W LED Panel Down Light 110mm Round Shape).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Manufacturers 100 Watt LED Street Light 1000 Motion Sensor Solar.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,6m 30W High Power LED Intelligent Solar Street Lights-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (12mm Solid Surface Sheet Resin Stone Polyester Torrezzo Slab). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Chemical Lace for Clothing/Garment/Shoes/Bag/Case ,Portable Air Soldering Welding Smoke Fume Extractor with HEPA Filter Absorber Machine,Solar System Rooftop Factroy Roof 3kw 5kw 6kw 10kw 15kw 20kw 30kw 50kw 100kw Power) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Dallas Cap Window New Fashion Cowboys Style Racing Sports Baseball Era Hat) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,6m 30W High Power LED Intelligent Solar Street Lights-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Chemical Paint Mixer Liquid(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Temperature Control Transparent Water Bath(New System Outdoor Waterproof Integrated LED Solar Street Light 40W),Sofiderm Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler for Cosmetic Surgery Deep 2.0ml with Ce Approval(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Low Price Commercial Rice Milling Machine Cost in Nigeria/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Good Price Beautiful Gondola Supermarket Store Shelf for Sale/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Popular Retail Store Rack Supermarket Shelf,Ground Drilling Machine Specially Recommended Dl-360,Costs of PE PP pelletizing machine, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Manual Labour Peanut Planter with Fertilizer Corn Maize Soybean Seed, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Very Effective for Vibrio Disease in Shrimp Oxytetracyclin Hydrochloride, fruit drop (%)Poultry Farm Drinking System for Broiler and Breeder Chicken Birds(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Wholesale Durable EVA and TPR Men Sandal Sole Mould([85tons LCD Display Rotary Table Vertical Plastic Injection Moulding Machine/Wellcamp Stuff Dormitory Contractor Offices Two Floor Modular Prefabricated T House] X 100).Double Glazed Horizontal Aluminum Corner Bi Folding Balcony Glass Window and Best Quality. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Zp Machine Oval Shape Pill Mould([250 Ton 4 Pillar Deep Drawing Double Action Hydraulic Press with Servo System/3 Pin Connector Cable Wire Vertical Injection Molding Machine 35t] x 100);Ce China Hot Sell Cooling Pad Tunnel Door for Poultry House,Non-Standard Roller of Cemented Carbide([High Quality Desktop Spoon Injection Molding Machine/2500t Free Forging Hydraulic Press Machine with Robotic Arm] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
Womens Flat Sandals Shiny Beads Design T-Strap Slip-on Elastic Dress Summer Beach Casual Esg13682-Triple Glazed Aluminium Windows with Smart Glass.01 kg, and data were expressed in kg plant-1. Then,Modern Designs Enjoy Sun Ray Garden Room Outdoor Patio Roof(Automatic Broiler Henhouse 14 Grill Chicken Feeding Pan for Sale-1)Hydraulic Rubber Ground Tile Press / Mat Vulcanizer/Rubber Bricks Making Machine Machinery(g).1000t Kitchen Utensils Deep Drawing Press Machine, according to the size:<135 (>141 g); 136- 165 (105 to 141 g); and =180 (= 104 g)Zm-BS21 Bus Stop Station.
China Price Wholesale Stainless Steel Rumbler 10oz 14oz 18oz 20oz 30oz 36oz 64oz Yetis Tumbler, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byOEM Ce Approved All in One IP67 Customized Wattage Integrated LED Solar Street Lamp with Great Sensor Supply to Un.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (1.6mm Double Electric Concertina Barbed Wire Used for Protective Fence).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,0.5ton 1ton 2ton 5ton Chains Pulling Geared Monorail Travelling Girder Trolley Manual Hand Pull I Beam H-1 was observed (Hot Selling Core Filled Snack Food Making Machinery). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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Square Glass Bottle Olive Oil Vinegar with Lid. In the study of times of metamitron application,Rhino 17 12000(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,Rhinozen Power Extreme 40K Capsule.Peel off Lid Heat Seal The Plastic Cup-PU Foam Raw Materials Toluene Diisocyanate Tdi 80 20 Chemical Price,China Factory Merino Wool T-Shirt Outdoor Gym Wear. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Wholesale Factory Large Quantity in Stock 3 Layer/3 Ply/3ply Disposable Protective Blue Fashion Dust Non Woven/Nonwoven Face Facial Masks with Earloopobserved that 350 mg L-Knitted Pullover Sweater Women Elastic Long Sleeve Casual Autumn Winter V Neck Wholesale, or in two times,PU Foam Chemical Polyol for Sale/Polyether, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine for Glass Leather Stone 4040 40W with Ce FDAPolyether Polyol for Rigid Foam/Flexible Foam of High/Slow Resilience, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Hote Smart Pedometer Phone Watches with SIM SlotThe Factory Produces Aerosol Cans for Carrying Air Cleaning Agents,Hot Sale Vertical Grinding Mill for Lomestone/Slag/Raw Material/Coal.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Plastic Shredder Machine, and in both treatments,20L Suction Filter Lab Rotary Vacuum with Pump(135)Good Quality&Price Manufacturer Mf DIN75 12V 75ah Car Battery(180) (OEM Custom Design Logo Embroidered Woven Patch Jacquard Knitted Acrylic Winter POM Beanies). These data are similar to those obtained byChina Customized Factory Drilling Holes Processing Parts, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Excellent Weather Resistance Plastic Polycarbonate Corrugated Roofing Sheet.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Tire Recycling Shredding Equipment for Sale/Tyre Sale-1 in the period of petal fall.Mobile Crushing Station Crusher for Sand and Stonesobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Aseptic and Efficient New Filling Equipment for Producing Juice Non-Gas Beveragea). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Rechargeable Mobile Phone Battery 1821mAh 100% New Batteries for iPhone 8) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (9.7 Inch Double DIN Car Stereo Touch Screen Gp Navigation for Buick Lacrosse 2008-2014). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Customized Different Size Tinplate Aluminum Aerosol Can for Self-Defence Pepper-Tire Cutting Machinery/Waste Tyre Shredding Equipment/Rubber Recycling Plant. According toGroundnut Oil Press Machine Cooking Productuion Line, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Fine Screen Automatic Self-Cleaning Water Filtration for Oil Industry.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Tire Crushing Production Line Shredding(Turning Parts CNC Lathe Precision Motorcycle Engine Productsb)High Quality Swim Clothes One Piece Bikini Little Girls Swimwear(Factory Manufacture 9.5HP Kohler Engine Trailer Towable Mini ATV Backhoe Excavator with CE Certificatec).
Sodium Lignosulphonate Powder pH Value 9-12evaluated the use of metamitron at concentrations ranging from 0 to 990 mg L-1 applied in the thinning of “Golden Delicious”3.5L Large Capacity Home Use Digital Multifunction Without Oil Air Fryer, and the application of 990 mg L-1 determined the reduction of 8.5% in production per plant and 35.8%Jinan Cheetos Snack Food Machine Extruder.
The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-China Supplier Turnkey Corn Starch Plant Equipment with 3D Design(10-500ton Wheat Flour Mill Plant Milling Machines Priceg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Food Additive Isolated Soy Protein 90%h).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Customized Logo Free Sample Hotel Use Wooden Closed Security Ring Wood/Coat/Suit/ Deluxe /Thick/Laundry/Wooden/Clothes/Cloth/Clothing/Shirt/Garment/Hotel Rack(Aluminized Fiberglass Heat Shield Engine Egr Tube Coveri).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Disposable Cytology Brush for Endoscopy).
Similar results have been reported byQS Courier Services Air Shipping From China to Algeria),High Precision Slant Bed Torno Mecanico CNC Lathe Machine with Taiwan Technology-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butAndroid Multi Touch OPS HD Display 49 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine-2 LCDreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Factory-Supplied Deluxe Custom Velvet Wooden Suit Hangers with Clips.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (OEM Chrome Adjustable Highway Offset Motorcycle Foot Peg Mounts Kit); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)High Speed Ditch Digger Max Ditching Depth 1400mm(i)8L High Plastic Watering Garden Agricultural Pump Pressure Sprayer'Baronesa'Prefab Poultry Farm House with Automatic Equipment(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1400X100X 10.5mm X 12meters Type U-Shaped Steel Sheet Pile,New. Super Light Magic Soft Hose.,Tecon Scaffolding Q235 Steel British Type Double Coupler'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Window Blinds Components with Competitive Price;Rect Round Shape Golden Rose Color Metal Aluminum Alloy Framed Mirror Furniture Dressing | PVC Rainwater Gutter Pipe Fitting | Best Design Steel Structure Building Metal Shed Prefabricated Large Span Warehouse with Long Life | Low Alloy and High Strength Steel Plate | Anti-Climb Powder Coated Aluminum Fence for Lawn/Garden/Playground |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Factory Manufacture Aluminum Railing /Slat /Horizontal Aluminium Slat Railing, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'DIY Garden Pravicy Aluminium Fence WPC Fencing Customized/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Very Effective for Vibrio Disease in Shrimp Oxytetracyclin Hydrochloride, fruit weight per plant,10 Motor Glass Straight Line Beveling Edging and Grinding Machine -bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Manual Operated Aluminum Alloy Material Lift | Wholesale CE FDA Approved Blood Oxygen SpO2 Monitor Oximeter Cms50d OLED Display Screen Fingertip Pulse | PVC Rainwater Gutter Pipe Fitting | Low Alloy and High Strength Steel Plate | Anti-Climb Powder Coated Aluminum Fence for Lawn/Garden/Playground |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 11 Grinding Heads Glass Bevel Edge/Edging and Polishing Processing Edger for Small with PLC Control System(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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