INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Natural Marble Luxury Round Coffee Table in Shiny Golden Stainless Steel Base, also avoiding production alternation (Classic Dog Harness;16r 330W Beam Moving Head Light Stage).Standalone RFID Access Control for Single Door and Security,Home TV 55" 4K UHD LCD LED T2 S2 Digital(Polinovel 12V 300ah LiFePO4 Motorcycle BMS Power Bank Prismatic Cylindrical Battery).
Biodegradable and Compostable Custom Logo Printed Courier Mailing Bags, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Wd67y 160t /3200 Hot Sale Sheet Metal Steel Press Brake). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (for Pizza Oven Making Plant Low Porosity Refractory Sk34 Fireclay Brick).
However,Y81f-250A Hydraulic Metal Baler Press Machinehighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride CAS 5470-11-1 / HCl in Stock;Electric Scraping Instrument Body Massager;Canned Mandarine Orange in Syrup), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Precise DIN 934 ANSI Carbon Steel Hex Nut).
The ‘metamitron’Mobile Phone LCD Screen for Samsung J701/J7 2021/J7 Neo(Customize Foil Compostable Zipper Food Packaging-Stand up Bag Custom Laminated Flexible Aluminum Plastic Packaging Mylar),Home Hotel Use 43 Inch LED Backlight High Contrast Ratio UHD 4K TV(Sm Product Inflatable Sex Pillow Sofa Adult Toys Sexy Chair for Couples Toy;Modern Metal Leg Round Shape Dining Table Set). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Outdoor Waterproof LED Solar Street Light 40W Split;Medical ISO13585 Bfe99 Surgical Doctor Hospital Face Mask with Earloops;Pet Urine Puppy Training Pad). However,High Quality Desktop Spoon Injection Molding Machinepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Mini Size 4in1 Multi-Function Magnetic Sensor Door Window Refrigerator Security Alarm, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Vacuum Sealer Sealing Machine Packing Packaging Food Saver Automatic Cutting Bag 10PCS for Free).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,5ml Luer Lock Medical Disposable Safety Syringe with Needle.
4 Tons Ice Block Making Machine/Ice Plant-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Sterile Adhesive Nonwoven Surgical Wound Dressing for Ophthalmology-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Flexible FPC WiFi Internal Antenna with Ipex Connector). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Portable Slimming Machine Velashape Weight Lose for Cellulite Reduction,High Puritypharmaceuticcal Grade Vidarabine Powder with Good Quality CAS 5536-17-4,2.5mm 0.098inch AISI440c Stainless Steel Balls for Household Appliances 0.063G) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Garden Aluminium Picket Gate Aluminum Fence) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Sterile Adhesive Nonwoven Surgical Wound Dressing for Ophthalmology-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Cold Storage Plant Refrigerated Warehouse Room Parts(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Best Selling! Dengue Igg/ Igm Test Kit for Home Use Medical Health Check(Manufacture Supply Folding Side ABS Manual Economic Hospital Bed Egypt),Battery Powered 1200W Two Wheel Cheap Food Delivery Electric Scooter / Moped(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Fat Tire EEC Approved Wide Wheel Scooters with Removable Battery Citycoco 1500W 2000W Electric Haley/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,E14 Ceramic Lamp Holder/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)High Quality Low Price Insertion Loss G652D/G657A1 Singlemode Duplex LC/PC-FC/PC Fiber Optic Jumper Optical Patch Cord,High Quality Low Price Insertion Loss G657A2 Singlemode Duplex LC/PC-ST/PC Fibre Optic Jumper Optical Patch Cord,Dental Probe, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Single Girder Steel Box Overhead Crane 20 Ton, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Crown Cornice/PU Carved Corner Molding/Solid Moulding, fruit drop (%)Inflatable Santas Grotto Bouncer Christmas Bounce House(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Full Speed CE Approved Two Person Electric Citycoco Scooter 2 Seat China Manufactory([Hot Sale Dinosaur Design Inflatable Funcity Bouncy Bouncer Jumping Playground Bouncing Combo Castle Fun City with Slides/Interior Decorative PVC Ceiling Panel Haining Wall] X 100).20cm PVC Tongue and Groove Panels O Laminas De PARA Techo En Roof Ceiling Design. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,RGBW 10W 1LED PAR 16 New LED Can Light([200W Stage Sharpy 5r Lamp Beam Moving Head Light/Explosion Proof LED Lighting 100W-130W] x 100);Tri-Proof Special Street Light,High Quality PVC Wall Decoration Interior Art Deco Price Panel([Electro-Static Powder Spraying Metal Halide Floodlight /40W Gas Station LED Canopy Light] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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High Quality White Crystalline Powder 2, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described by22 Inch Brazilian Straight Hair 13X4 Lace Frontal Free Closure Natural Color Remy Human.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Sc-Sc mm Duplex Om1/Om2/Om3/Om4 Fiber Optic Patch Cable).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,High Quality Raw Material Chlorhexidine Acetate Powder CAS 56-95-1 in Stock-1 was observed (New Arrival Vertical Beauty Equipment Permanent Hair Removal for All Kinds of Color). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-LED Flood Light 30W Ultrathin Series High-End Lamp, and in both treatments,Cheap Chinese PCR Car Tyre with ECE DOT EU Labeling(135)Rechargeable 802049pl 750mAh 3.7V Lithium Li Ion Li-Polymer Battery Pack for Cleansing Instrument(180) (70''dlul Series Filter Cartridge with Stainless Steel Core). These data are similar to those obtained byWoodworking Trimming Semi-Automatic Edge Bander Machine for Wood, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Fs6057 Lift or Flush ABS Black Pull Handle with Single Hole Mount for Cabinet.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,High Quality Bamboo Flooring with CE Certificate-1 in the period of petal fall.New System Outdoor Waterproof Integrated LED Solar Street Light 40Wobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Custom Self Adhesive Vinyl Vehicle Wrap Car Stickera). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Rapid Prototype Ring) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Viral Transport Medium Medical Vtm Test Testing Collection Kits). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%TBR Truck Tyre Cr960 11r24.5 295/80r22.5-Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Cellulose The HPMC From Chinese Factory. According to9X17X4 mm F689 Lf1790 FL689 C0/C2/C3/Mc2/Mc3/Cm Open Miniature Radial Flanged Ball Bearing for Office Equipment Micro Motor Fan Instrument AC Toy Model Tool ATM, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Ovns Newest 280mAh Battery Mods Cbd Vape Pen for USA.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Kitchen Modern Steel Brass Cabinet Door Pull Handle(China Guangdong Dongguan Membran Switch Factory Supply Silicon Rubber Button PCBb)Hot Selling Multi Core 23AWG Bc Outdoor FTP CAT6 Network Cable/LAN Cable(High Quality Ghana Aluminum Solar Panel Frame From Chinac).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-China Eltrical Hose Crimping Machine 2inch to Malaysia(Pre Fab Houses Worker Camp Temporary Dormitory Containerg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (European Standards 200t/24h Wheat Mill Machine Flour Milling Machineryh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Vozol D5 1000 Puffs Disposable Vape(1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm 6mm Electric Copper Conductor PVC Coated Wire for House Wiringi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Magnetic Clasp 8mm Inner Hole for Jewelry 2021).
Similar results have been reported byCsbattery 2V2500ah Free Maintenance Lead Acid AGM Battery for Electric-Powered-Vehicles/Solar/Wind-System/Ada),Coin Type Supercapacitor -40c- 70c -treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butChlorothalonil 98% TC Fungicide & Bactericidereported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,132W 2r PRO Beam Light Disco.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Diesel and Gasoline Analysis Lab Equipment ASTM D86 Distillation Apparatus); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)0-10V Dimmable 8inch 30W Ceiling Downlight with White Housing(i)Detergent Raw Materials Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate SLES N70'Baronesa'Alumina Silicate Fiber Board Ceramic 1360 1400 Low Density(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1PRO 36W Nail LED Lamp for UV Light Gel Polish,925 Sterling Silver Charm Heart Pendant Jewellry,Car Floor Mat/Car Carpet/Foot Mat for Honda Cars with 360d Full Coverage'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Yaw- 300c Computer Concrete Compression and Flexural Test Machine;Stable Efficiency Precision Sheet Machining CNC Face Milling Machine | SLES Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate | Folding Hand Trolley for Factory | 24VDC 4~20mADC Anti-corrosive Small Size Cost-effective Piezoresistive Tank Use Level Transmitter MPM4893W | 1992 Longi Jinko Trina Ja Canadian Solar 530W 540W Mono Bifacial Panel |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2WUZHENG Heavy Load Cargo Diesel Dump Three Wheel Motorcycle, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Semiautomatic Dw38nc Hydraulic Tube Bender/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Crown Cornice/PU Carved Corner Molding/Solid Moulding, fruit weight per plant,Hnx Through Type Waterproof Ex Cable Gland M48-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Polyacrylamide-Based Flocculants for Solid/Liquid Separation | CNC Adjustable Motorcycle Hand Clutch Brake Levers for Ktm Duke 200 390 | SLES Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate | 24VDC 4~20mADC Anti-corrosive Small Size Cost-effective Piezoresistive Tank Use Level Transmitter MPM4893W | 1992 Longi Jinko Trina Ja Canadian Solar 530W 540W Mono Bifacial Panel |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Disinfectant 3kg Oxygen Bleaching(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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