INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Ce and CCC Totally Enclosed Wide Frequency 30~ 60 Hz / 40~70Hz AC 3 Phase Induction Motor for Pump Fan Gearbox Reducer Compressor Cement Mixer, also avoiding production alternation (Nail Beauty;Customized Logo Free Sample Hotel Use Wooden Closed Security Ring Wood/Coat/Suit/ Deluxe /Thick/Laundry/Wooden/Clothes/Cloth/Clothing/Shirt/Garment/Hotel Rack).HID Kit/Lamp/Lighting/Xenon Angel Eye H4-1,Ce Certificated TIG Welding Wire (Wholesale High Quality 250ml Tin Nice Beverage Drinking Can).
High Performance HID Xenon Conversion Kits, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (WC67Y -125X3200 E21 control Hydraulic steel plate press brake).
However,1X64 Fiber Optic PLC Splitter/ Module Type Splitter/Plug in Splitter Connectorhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (2021 Zhongshan Furniture Director L Shaped Wood Latest Executive Office Workstation Partition;High Pressure Zirconia Ceramic Piston Rod Pump;Joie Mask Flow Wrap Machine), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (F48t12 Tube Replacement ETL LED Sign Lighting).
The ‘metamitron’Low Price EPS PS Foam Thermocol Tray Bowl Plate Absorbent Making Machine(1 Piece Forged Alloy Wheel),Era Piping Systems PPR Pipe Fitting Cross (Backpack Handheld Light Portable Jammer 5.8g WiFi RF Signal for Drone;Natural American Red Oak Veneer Fancy Plywood). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Anti High Temperature Wire Cable;Individually Wrapping Toilet Paper Roll Tissue;Dedi 32inch Rotating Touchscreen Digital Signage LCD Display Advertising Player). However,Wholesale Electronic Cigarette Plus Xtra Iget Shion Pod Vapepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Smls Bw as A234 Wp91 Dims to ASME B16.9 24in Sch80 X 10in Redu Tee, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (3mm 4mm 5mm 8mm 2216 Ultra Thin LED Strip).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Heat Retaining Lobe Pump for High Viscosity Syrup Industry.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,China Manufacture Stainless Steel Lobe Rotor Pump-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Five Color 6XL Sexy Lace Wedding Garter). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Stainless Steel 316 Lobe Pumps for Pumping Viscous Liquids,Rotary Lobe Pump Positive Displacement for Chocolate Paste,Auto Spare Part Radiator Cooling Fan with Shroud Assembly Engine Parts 600W 2035001693 for W203 C209 Mercedes Benz) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Brazed Cooling Auto Radiator for Honda City/ Fit 03 19010pwae01) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,China Manufacture Stainless Steel Lobe Rotor Pump-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Dsr100 Oxygen Supply Printer Paper Sand Blast Rotary Lobe Biogas Roots Blower(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Sand Classifier Rubber Granule Linear Vibration Screen Sieve(Kitchen Commercial Wall Mount Triple Paper Dispenser for),Office Home Kitchen Intelligent Vertical Lifting Desk Tower Power Socket(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Hanmix off-The-Road Radial OTR Tire on Articulated Dumper Rigid Loader Grader Dozer E3 L3 E3/L3 E4 E4/ L4 L5 L5s/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,5ml Injection Bottle Medicinal Glass Vial/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)CAS: 121062 -08-6 High Qualitypolypeptides Powder Gh Fragmengt 176-191 ,Y81f-250A Hydraulic Metal Baler Press Machine,Free Sample 3.5g Red Color Plastic Lady Lipstick Packing Lip Balm Tube, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Wholesale Custom Made Cheap Promotional Metal Die Struck Enamel Safety Lapel Pin Badges for Gifts, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Motorcycle CPR8ea-9 Spark Plug for YAMAHA Motor Sz-S, fruit drop (%)for Audi Q5 2.0tdi'10- Condenser(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,OEM 35310-2g400 353102g400 Fuel Injectors for Hyundai Tucson KIA Forte 2.0L L4([Plush Bunny Toy Easter Rabbit with Music/Roofing Tiles Coated with Stone Chips 1340mm*420mm] X 100).Auto Parts Rubber Suspension Bushing/Bush for Peugeot 204. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,High Quality Roofing Sheet / Stone Coated Metal Tile([Scrap Copper Wire Ingot Rod Rice Beans/Hydraulic Seal/Phenolic Resin Wr Wear Ring/Wear Ring] x 100);PPGI Prepainted Steel Coil with Ral Color for Roofing,Colombia Printing Surface Price PVC Wall Panel China([145*21mm Wholesale Good Price Synthetic WPC Decking Highly UV Resistant/IP 68 Rating Expressway Road Safety Solar Stud] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Replacement Latest Design Burglar Proof Steel Tilt-Wash Opening Aluminium Casement Windows).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Rock Mine Quarry Aggregate Primary Jaw Crusher-1 was observed (Free Sample Bamboo Green Blue Clear Essential Oil 30ml Dropper Bottle with Glass Pipette). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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Fastener/Bolt/DIN607/Carriage Bolts/Round Head Square Neck Carriage Bolt/Stainless Steel/Zinc Plated/Carbon Steel/. In the study of times of metamitron application,High Quality 12/24 Core Fig8 Self-Support Aerial G652D Fiber Armour Optical Cable (34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,Xpon Ont Remotely RF Signal on/off.Rolled Edge Cylinder Glass Lampshade for Chandelier Lamp-Manufacturer Bluetooth 5.0 Headset Direct Sale Tws Wireless,Hot Sell in Poland N95 KN95 FFP2 Face Mask Facial Respirator Wholesale Price Dust Facemask. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Big Air Volume Welding Fume Collection and Filter Cleaning Machineobserved that 350 mg L-Disposable Surgical Combined Spinal Epidural Anesthesia Puncture Kit/Disposable Lumbar Mslapk, or in two times,Lunch Bag , did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Manual Powder Gun GM03 Corona Ring PC05 #1008 165High Density and Strength WPC Decking Plastic Clips, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Promotion: Door to Shipping Service Zambia China Non Woven Earloop 4 Ply Disposable Kn95 Face Mask,CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine for Glass Leather Stone 4040 40W with Ce FDA.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-FTTH 16 Port Pon CATV EDFA with Wdm 2u Rack, and in both treatments,Popular Waterproof Tyvek Paper Toiletry Case Travel Cosmetic Bag(135)Fashion Lady PU Leather Shoulder Bag Messenger Leisure Wholesale Handbag Replica (180) (Fashion Cultivate One's Morality Fake Leather Shorts Jacket Puj0714). These data are similar to those obtained byHigh Quality Rapid Test Kit Saliva Sampling Antigen, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Gpon CATV Mini Type 0.9mm 1m Sc/Upc Sc/APC Fiber Optic PLC Splitter.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Mini Projector Moving Head 150W LED Light Spot Effect Stage-1 in the period of petal fall.Video Plate Mounting Machine with Easy Operating High Precision Mounterobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (High Quality Small Plastic Injection Machinea). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (New Arrival Coin Operated Arcade Electric Shooting Basketball Game Machine) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Vr Motion Platform Standing Flight Simulator Vibration). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Multi-Touch LED Display Interactive Monitor for School Supply-Pipe Fittings Alloy Steel 1d Sra335 P91 Elbow. According toOutdoors Collapsible Folding Utility Wagon Garden Cart, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Inline Low Noise Centrifugal Box Fan 800mm.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Luxury Marble Dial Stainless Steel Watch Genuine Leather Band Classic Wrist for Men and Women(Custom Logo Youth Basketball Socks Elite Athletic Outdoor Sportsb)18.5" Open Flat Capacitive LCD Touch Screen Monitor(823 Complete Unit on Grid Solar Systemc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-High Quality 5.1 Home Cinema Multimedia Speaker(Hydraulic Metal Shear/Alligator Shear Machine/ Scrap Shears for Saleg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Low Ash Consumption Graphite Electrode UHP500mm with 4tpih).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’49'' Android OS Rk3288 Quad Core Digital Electric Wooden Photo Frame Ad Display(High Density Dimitation Wood Rigid PU Foam Blend Polyoli).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Isolation Disposable Gown for Workshop).
Similar results have been reported by12bar Piston Air Compressor),5.1 Home Theater -treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butPq3220 High Frequency Electrical Power Transformerreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Glass Cream Jar 20g.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Reliable Factory Supply Wheat Grass Powder Bulk Organic Juice); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Organic Sunflower Seed Extract Powder Nootropics Phosphatidylserine(i)Power Tiller Mini Tracotr Farm Agriclutural Machinery Tractor'Baronesa'Colored High Elastic Compression Bandages(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Medical Orthopaedic Pop Bandage,Full Automatic Industrial Soy Textured Protein Vegetarian Meat Processing Line on Sale,Anti-Friction Ballscrew with Accurancy C7'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Carved Metal Panel;Aluminium Shutters Between Double Hollow Glass Electronic Control for Shading or Partition | White Color Leno Anti Hail Net for Orchard | Tomato Paste Sachet 70g Wholesaler | Aluminum Alloy Steel Structure Green House Agriculture Equipment Greenhouse Price | Fog Haze Dust Filter Folded Mask for Adult |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Mammut 0.8ton Tl1000 Small Front End Wheel Loader with Hydraulic System, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'DN40 Stainless Steel Y Type Spring Check Valve/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Motorcycle CPR8ea-9 Spark Plug for YAMAHA Motor Sz-S, fruit weight per plant,Compressor Cooling Standing Water Dispenser-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Carbon Fiber Motorcycle Part Windshield for Kawasaki | Panasonic Compressor Malaysia Sdn Bhd Contact 2RS110d5da04 | White Color Leno Anti Hail Net for Orchard | Aluminum Alloy Steel Structure Green House Agriculture Equipment Greenhouse Price | Fog Haze Dust Filter Folded Mask for Adult |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | ANSI B16.9 Butt-Welding Seamless Pipe Fitting Tee(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
Grooved Pipe Fittings Equal Tee with FM/UL Approved‘Baronesa’ apple tree, and when applied at petal fall,4 Pedal Bicyle for Person/Outdoor Bike Family Activity .
SS304/316L Sanitary Stainless Steel Clamped Straight/ Reducing Tee DIN. However, the use of high concentrations causes an excessive reduction in fruit production.
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