INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Gmb Cleaning Machine, also avoiding production alternation (Atg Pgh Series High-Torque Helical Gears Planetary Gearbox Gear;Tp120-3s 120V 3A Digital Switch Regulated Power Supply for Factory Test Use).Sesame Bean Vibration Cleaning and Sorting Machine,Customized Production Line of Lemon Flavor Ice Cream Crisp Tube Machine(Q35y-25 Hydraulic Combined Punching and Shearing Semi-Automatic Ironworker).
Japan Popular 230c Ceramic Electric Hair Straightening Brush , fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (130cm Artificial Marijuana Plant). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (CE Approved Sodium Hyaluronic Acid Injection for Skin Care).
However,Tkf16r Carbide Indexable Turning Grooving Insert with PVD Coatedhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Food Contact Float Plastic Foam Liquid Level Detect;High Quality Factory Price Puffed Filling Snack Machine;100W 130W Custom CO2 Laser Wood Acrylic Cutting Engraving Machine), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Filament Extruder for PP Woven Sack).
The ‘metamitron’Automatic New Snack Cream Sandwich Biscuit Machine with Packaging Sandwiching Making(Cut-Resistant Safety Gloves for Industry Latex Coated Work),B Grade Eco Daipers Doll Diper Mami Baby Diaper in China(Wedge Heel Lady Sandal Shoes;Wooden Grain Foam Board Mat EVA Interlocking Tiles Puzzle Wood with Borders). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Thermal Break Light Gold Sliding Door Aluminum Double Layers Glass;150W Laser Engraving Machine Cutting Lx-Dk6600 Used in Advertising;Resorts Kids Play Area Design and Planner Urban Attraction Amusement Facility Manufacture Supplier). However,Compatible CE250 Series Laser Printer Toner Cartridge for HPpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,D50 0.6um Precipitated Barium Sulphate Pigment Special, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (2021 New Whole Sell for Fortnite Game Wireless Android Mobile Phone Controller).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Door Switch /Refrigerator /Switch with Wire.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,New Fresh Harvest Potato Frozen Prefied French Fries-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Dongfeng Truck Parts Gearbox & Clutch System Accessories). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Linear Type Oilve Oil Filling Machine Gravity,Double Index Aerosol Filling Machine,China Supplier Standard Size Anchor Fasteners for Concrete) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Unused Packing Digital Weighing Scale) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,New Fresh Harvest Potato Frozen Prefied French Fries-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Automatic Snack Bag Packaging PE Coated Brown Kraft Paper in Roll for Sugar Sachet(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Semi Automatic Micro Dosing / Powder Filling Machine(China Manufacturer Piston Type Dosing High Viscosity Automatic Liquid Filling Machine Rito Pack),Automatic Stainless Screw Sludge Dewatering Equipment for Water Treatment(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-TUV Ce IP65 LED Tri-Proof Light Waterproof IP69K Lighting Fixture for Extremely Environments/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Multi-Disc Chemical Wastewater Treatment Screw Press Sludge Dewatering/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Customized Design High Quality Poland Shipping Container House for Sale,Frd-1000 Continous Solid-Ink Date Coding Band Sealer for Yougurt,IP65 LED Linear Waterproof Lighting Fixture Outdoor 600mm 1200mm 1500mm, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Hitachi Laminated Safety Gearless Mr Glass Sightseeing Observation Elevator in China, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),10 Heads/14 Heads/16 Heads Weigher /Multihead for Packing Potato Chips, fruit drop (%)Eref16f Farm Battery Wheel New Forklift Electric with Good Quality(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Newest Industry Vertical Turbine Multistage Constant Pressure Slurry Pump for Mining([3ton Everun Brand Erfb30 Electric Counterbalance Forklift Truck with 3 Meters Lift Height/Automatic Multihead Weigher Vertical Granule Biscuit Packing Machine for Pillow Bag] X 100).Clients First Flat Pack Container with Durable Modeling. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Panoramic Lift Made in China Good Price([Techase Automatic Polymer Station and Semi-Automatic Chemical Dosing Wmq 1130/Hfcr-8 Mining Crawler Type Rock Engineering/Rotary/Diamond Core Blasthole Drill Rig] x 100);Beiben Fuel Tank Truck 6X4 Excellent Quality for Africa Market with Mercedes Benz Technology,High Quality Steel Structural Building Warehouses([0.6/1kv 3*70+35mm2 Cu Conductor PVC Insulated Steel Tape Armored Sheathed Power Cable/Hydraulic Breaker Rock Hammer with Chisel 155mm] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Derailleur 36V 26" Electric Mountain Bike /Bicycle, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byHeat Resist Eco-Friendly Silicone Ice Cube Tray.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Manufacture Custom Laser Print Personalized Waterproof Adhesive Wine Bottle Metal Label Logo Sticker).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Free Forging SAE4140 Scm440 Steel Output Shaft-1 was observed (5 Ton Wheel Payloader with 3.0 M3 Front Shovel Bucket Swl50e End). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Supplier 1.2mm Aluminium Foil Self-Adhesive Bitumen Waterproof Membrane Construction, and in both treatments,En 1.4373 Stainless Steel Plate Price(135)Low Noise High Efficiency Electric Stationary Rotary Pm VSD Screw Type Air Compressor for Industrial(180) (Sept A2 Series Anionic Polyacrylamide for Landfill Leachate). These data are similar to those obtained byPortable Bluetooth 5.0 in Ear Headphone Customized Logo, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,10.1 Inch LCD Screen Module 1280X800 IPS View 1000 Nit.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,2.4 Inch 240*320-1 in the period of petal fall.Stainless Steel Full Ball Valve for Milk Industryobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Pure Dehydrated Onion Granules Whiltea). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Breathable Disposable Baby Diaper) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Stainless Steel Welded 1.5 Inch D Rings &Hooks with Straps). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Wholesale Coupling Direct Oil Injected Two Stage Stationary Rotary Screw Low Pressure Air Compressor OEM Seller with Noise/High Efficiency/Attractive Price-AC Power Stationary Lubricated Direct Driven Screw Air Compressors. According to0.9mm/2.0mm/3.0mm Single-Mode Sx LC/Sc/St/FC Fiber Optic Connector, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Customize Logo on USB Lightning Cables.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,3.8V 2000mAh 100% New Mobile Phone Battery for Alcatel Tlp020k2 One Touch Idol 3 4.7 6039y 6039h 6039k(Turbocharger 767720 769708 Nissan D40 Navara Yd25 Ddti 2.5L 14411-Eb70A Turboladerb)Hydraulic Self Propelled Scissor Man Work Platform Lift(5 Layer KN95 Disposable Protective Face Mask Air Pollution Anti Smoke Fog Particulate Respiratorc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-23 CTO Activated Carbon Block Filter Cartridge(Wholesale Laser Welding Machine Alumiium 1kw 2kw Exhaust Pipe Machineryg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Vertical Fire Extinguisher Powder Filling Machineh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’201 Bright Handrail Rectangular Tubing with Promotion Price(Craft Beer / CSD Beverage Glass Bottle Filling Capping Machinei).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (International Air Cargo From China All City to Brazil by Professional Logistics Service).
Similar results have been reported byBest Selling Size 14.9-24 R-1 Tt Nylon Tyre for Agricultural Tractor),Acoustic Panel for Wall Covering Customized-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, but600kw Silent Low BTU Gas Generator Set with Ce Approvedreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Interior Wall Paneling Sound Insulation Fabric Acoustic Panel.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Low Fuel Consumption UK Engine 16kw/20kVA 3phase Silent Diesel Generator); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Large Stock Human Virgin Hair Lace Frontal Closure Kinky Straight(i)823 Complete Unit on Grid Solar System'Baronesa'Home Use on-Grid Solar Power System with Inverter 4kw(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Hex Key Wrench Spanner for Bolt Allen Carbon Steel Nickel Plated,S350gd High-Strength Steel Plate Galvalume Sheet,Angelbella Brazilian Body Wave 5X5 Closure Natural Color Human Hair Lace Light Brown Swiss 10-24'' Remy'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 22 Inch Brazilian Straight Hair 13X4 Lace Frontal Free Closure Natural Color Remy Human;Factory Sale Various Widely Used Moulds for Plastic Toy Plasic Mould Making | Plastic Injection Household Daily Necessities Mould | High Pressure Hydraulic Rubber Hose | Yute Rubber Hose SAE J1401 Brake 1/8" Hl | Solid Timber Wooden Interior Swing Door |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2High Quality Graphite Petroleum Coke, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Low Ash Consumption Graphite Electrode UHP500mm with 4tpi/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,10 Heads/14 Heads/16 Heads Weigher /Multihead for Packing Potato Chips, fruit weight per plant,Leading Export Super High Power Graphite Electrodes for Eaf Smelting with Nipples-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Leading Export Electric Arc Furnace Smelting Graphite Electrode Np/HP/UHP | PLC Control Lab Double Roll Mill Mixer | Plastic Injection Household Daily Necessities Mould | Yute Rubber Hose SAE J1401 Brake 1/8" Hl | Solid Timber Wooden Interior Swing Door |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | SSAW Pipe Production Line(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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