INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Aluminium Alloy Anal Plug with Heart Shape Diamond, also avoiding production alternation (China OEM Customized Metal Forging Parts Forged Agricultural Machines;140*35 Solid Coffee WPC Decking Board for Flooring).Plastic Cosmetic Soft Tube for Sun Cream 20g,PA System Three-Way Touring Line Array Speaker(Double Layered Annular Tablet Machine Salt Block Press Various Geometrical Shape).
12inches PA Speaker Audio Component, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Yute Rubber Hose SAE J1401 Brake 1/8" Hl). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Plush Animal Toys Stuffed Toy Sloth for Children Gift).
However,American Countries Black Dual Band Booster 4G AGC Mgc 70dB 23dBm 3G Signal Amplifier 1900 Repeater 700MHzhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Professional Services From China to Canada Cargo Shipping Rate Air Freight;English Type Axle - 13t 16t Sales to Chile;Hollow Chipboard for The Door Core), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Cute Hands Free Woofer Surround Bluetooth Speaker Box).
The ‘metamitron’Plush Beige Color Long Ear Bunny(350mm Silver Brazed Saw Blade for Cutting Marble),Plush Custom Stuffed Animals Cute Rabbit Toy(CE Approved Portable Analgesia Apparatus;Factory Cheap Price Neso S10 Pod High Quality E Cigarette Disposable Vape Pen). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Sungo 425W 455W Mono Perc Longi Half Cut Tier 1 Solar Panel;Mosaic Ripstop Baseball Cap/Hat with Felt Embroidery;Factory Promotional Hot Sale High Protection Disposable KN95 Face Masks). However,Engineering Plastics Customized Rod POM Barpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Anti-Storm Roofing Material Factory Prices Types of Stone Coated Rooftop 3 Tab Asphalt Shingle Roof Tile, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Tower Crane 6ton Jib Length 50m).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Y81f-200A Hydraulic Scrap Metal Baler Machine.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Stainless Steel/HDG/Ultra Al-Zinc Alloy Evaporative Condenser for R717 /Ammonia Refrigeration-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Light Weight Fashion Sport Laptop Backpack School Bag Travel Hiking Camping Business Promotional). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Zb-401 Series PVC Processing Aid,Accurate Measurement Digital Thermometer for Family ,Coca-Cola Style Tube Mold Bottle Embryo) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Wholesale Cartridge Vape Battery EGO Tube Bottom Twist to Adjust Voltage) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Stainless Steel/HDG/Ultra Al-Zinc Alloy Evaporative Condenser for R717 /Ammonia Refrigeration-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)China Jetstream Bypass Valve for Water Blasting Machine(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Hydraulic Cylinder Double Acting 800 Ton RAM China for Sale(Motorcycle/Motorbike Spare Parts Central Bending Plate for Ktm 110cc),Oxygen Hydrogen Argon Helium CO2 Nitrogen Gas Cylinder(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-2021 Zhongshan Furniture Director L Shaped Wood Latest Executive Office Workstation Partition/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Hot Sale Star Design Silver with CZ Open Ring/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)New Craft CNC Pattern 925 Sterling Silver Rings for Wedding,Red Color Wedding Ring Channel Setting Circle Stone,Factory-Made Clear Versatile Nonslip Acrylic Plastic Customized Serving Tray, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Best Sell and Fashion Square White Ceramic Ring Tray, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),New Style Office Metal Wood Partition, fruit drop (%)2021 High Quality Iget Shion Disposable Ecig Vape 600puffs(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,2021 Hot Sale with Security Air Bar Disposable E Liquid Nicotine Free Electronic Cigarette([Iget XXL Disposable. E Cig 1800puffs E-Cig Vape Pen Kits/Disposable Electronic Cigarette Vino for Men Vape Kit 2021] X 100).Hot Selling Skt Zh E-Cigarette Pods Starter Kit Vape Pen 450 mAh with Lanyard Blue Puff. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Wholesale Electronic Cigarette Plus Xtra Iget Shion Pod Vape([High Quality Disposable Vape Pod Rincoe Neso S10 Electronic Cigarette/Factory Cheap Price Neso S10 Pod High Quality E Cigarette Disposable Vape Pen] x 100);250ml Round Wine Bottles Sealed with Buckle Transparent Storage Glass Bottle,High Quality 50t Wheat Flour Mill China Supplier ([High Quality Automatic Wheat Flour Milling Machine/Corn Flour Mill Machine Quality ] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Used Original Komatsu PC220 18m Long Boom Excavator, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described bySKX2-80A Electric Automatic Transfer Switch.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Use for Side Leakage Prevention Disposable Adult Diapers).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Agriculture Combine Harvester 4lz-5.0z for Wheat /Rice/Soybean/Corn-1 was observed (Manufacturer SPFS). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Makute Electric Planer 82mm Wood Working Cutting Tools, and in both treatments,Ultra -Low Temperature Strong Cooling Glycol Small Water Chiller for Food(135)Polyethylene Plastic Composite Road Mat Heavy Duty Construction Matting Oil Field Portable Roads(180) (2021 New Design Wireless Headphone with Bluetooth Function Smart Headset). These data are similar to those obtained byHot Selling Crepes Food Cart Truck for Sale in Malaysia, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,100% Healthy Baby Playing TPE&EVA Foam Sheet Interlocking Mat.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Industrial Anti-Slip Black Wide Ribbed Rubber Mats Flooring Sheets Mat-1 in the period of petal fall.Factory Wholesale Camping Car Rechargeable Liion Battery Pack 12V 240 Ahobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Wholesale Top Quality Flower Scent 1oz 29ml Travel Size Antibacterial Alcohol Waterless Gel Hand Sanitizera). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (C Curved LCD Screen with R1500 Curvature for Arcade Game Machine) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Hydraulic Open Die Forging Press Free Hydraylic 2500t). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Fabric Reinforced Rubber Matting Cloth Cotton Nylon Insertion Mat-Anti Slip Safety Interlocking Hollow Rubber Floor Mats for Deck/Boat/Outdoor/Kitchen. According toPipes Vessels Pneumatic Control Explosive Cleaning , high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Molded 3D Mats EVA Car Mat Rubber Floor.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Self Leveling Metallic Epoxy Resin and Hardener for Floor/ Flooring(Hot Sale Factory Leptospira Igg /Igm Rapid Test Cassetteb)3mm 4mm Clear Cast Acrylic Glass Sheet Plexiglass in Dining Hall(Hfcr-8 Mining Crawler Type Rock Engineering/Rotary/Diamond Core Blasthole Drill Rigc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-PVC Foam Board with Hard Surface for Kitchen Cabinets(18" Popular Sale Design Fit Audi RS5 Aluminum Car Alloy Wheel Rimg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (PVC Foam Board with Hard Surface for Kitchen Cabinetsh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Water-Saved Air Bubble Vegetable Fruit Washing Machine(120kn-120kn/High Tensile Strength Grid/Carbon Polymer Geogridi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (8mm Dibond Place Aluminum Composite Panel Sheet).
Similar results have been reported byAutomatic Pet Bottle Metal Tin Fruit Coconut Juice Beverage Filling Machinery),High Temperature Resistance TPV-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, but600*600mm Rustic Glazed Surface Porcelain Polished Wall Beige Yellow Floor Tiles From Foshanreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Pneumatic Type Powder and Liquid Packing Machine); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Yidu Chili Crushed 30% Seeds(i)Electric Meat Grinder'Baronesa'2021 New Crop Green Chili(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Customized Roller Barrel Walnut Sorting Machine ,Electronic Wire,Lutong Small 90HP 4WD Farming Tractor Lt904 for Sale'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 2200lm IP68 635mm 48watt 316ss Recessed LED Underwater Lights;Free Shipping Mingxiu Steel Locker Cabinet / 4 Door Metal Closet | Aluminized Fiberglass Heat Shield Engine Egr Tube Cover | Mini Compact Backhoe Loader 30-25 | Protective Full Clear Anti Virus /Fog/Splash Isolation Face Shield | Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride CAS 5470-11-1 / HCl in Stock |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2UV Sterilizer Stick Portable Ultraviolet LED Light Disinfection for Clothes, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'1.0 Ton Power 60kw Multifunctional Backhoe Loader/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,New Style Office Metal Wood Partition, fruit weight per plant,Hot Selling Durable Handscraped Brazilian Cherry Wood Parquet/Brazilian Jatoba Parquet Floor -bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | 12V 1.4kw Starter for Chevrolet 428000 -0460 12567709 12576163 17880 | M9T60371 M009T60371 24V 12T Starter Motor for Renault | Aluminized Fiberglass Heat Shield Engine Egr Tube Cover | Protective Full Clear Anti Virus /Fog/Splash Isolation Face Shield | Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride CAS 5470-11-1 / HCl in Stock |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 50% Solid Content Liquid PCE Superplasticizer Cement Additive(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
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CONCLUSIONS
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900mm Knock Down Storage Cabinet with 2 Shelf. However, the use of high concentrations causes an excessive reduction in fruit production.
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