INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,DC12V Flow 1200L/H Lift 8m Centrifugal Leakage Proof Amphibious Pump, also avoiding production alternation (Ce SGS Approved Optic Fiber Joint Machine ;Rechargeable 100ah / 200ah 3.2V 12V/24V 30V/ 48V/60V/72V Lithium LiFePO4 Battery for Solar Storage/RV/Marine).China Overhead Combined Square HDG Galvanizing Steel Water Storage Tank Factory,Modular GRP FRP SMC Water Storage Tank(Passenger Waiting Bus Shelter Advertising Stop Sign).
Football Game Festival Ornaments String National Flag, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Aufine 16.00r25 off Road Tyre with High Quality). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Industrial Grade Square Drive Slipper Wrench Hand Tool).
However,Maize Wheat Cassia Seed Quinoa Gravity Separator Machinehighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (240ton 12/7degree Commercial HVAC Water Cooled Screw Chiller;USB Charge Selfie Portable Flash LED Camera Phone Photography Ring Light for Smartphone Tiktok;CNC Metal Pipe Tube Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Mild Steel), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (85bar DN125 5'' Concrete Pump Double Twin Wall Pipe).
The ‘metamitron’Creative Interlaced Rope Design Ring 925 Sterling Silver High Quality Fashion Jewelry for Trendy Women(Ce Marked Non Woven 3 Ply Disposable Medical Type I Protective Face Mask Musk Mascarillas Facemask Factory Wholesale Price),Jewelry Cheap Wholesale Pearl Brooches with Bowknot Shaped(Round Shape Swimming Pool Decoration Beautiful Tile Mosaic Dolphin for Outdoor;Oil and Gas 2inch 600lb Titanium Alloy Floating Ball Valve). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (5mm/0.3mm Mirror Aluminum Composite Panel for Indicator Board;Precision Horizontal Slant Bed Metal Automatic CNC Lathe Machine with Good Price;New China Isuzu Giga Vc61 6X4 10 Wheel Tractor Truck). However,Zp Machine Oval Shape Pill Mouldpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,European Market New Type Gel Motorcycle Battery 12V 9ah, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Wholesale Custom Metal Art Crafts Spain Police Military Aircraft Model Challenge Coin Playing Cards Game Souvenir Coins Zinc Alloy Corporate Travel Gift Tokens).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Squishy Ice Cream Slow Rising Kawaii Promotional.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Durable Rubber 2 Channels Speed Hump for Traffic Safety-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Handle Type Manual Mechanical Jack Lifting Steel Rack). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,12V200ah Rechargeable UPS Battery for Solar Power System,Csbattery 12V 26ah Deep Cycle Gel Battery for Home-Use-Storage/ Bts -Station/Pumps/Solar/Wind-Power-Station/Power-Inverter/Csb/AAA,Csbattery 2V3000ah Solar Storage Opzv Battery for Power-Tools/Electric-Power/Lighting/Pumps/Wheel-Chair/Ali) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Marquise Cut Zircon Cluster Drop Wedding Earrings ) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Durable Rubber 2 Channels Speed Hump for Traffic Safety-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Customized Design Wholesale 925 Sterling Silver Ring(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Male Sex Doll Real Pussy Vagina Love Adult Toys(Csbattery 2V2500ah Free Maintenance Lead Acid AGM Battery for Electric-Powered-Vehicles/Solar/Wind-System/Ada),Factory Newest Switching Power Supply Light Weight DIN Rail AC to DC 45W(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Csbattery 12V300ah Deep Cycle Electrical Gel Battery for Bts -Stations/Medical-Equipment/Control-System/Ada/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Professional Made Face Mask KN95 Protection Dust Mmask with Earloop/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Skin Friendly Non Woven Fabric Valve Niosh N95 Anti Dust Mask,5 Layer KN95 Disposable Protective Face Mask Air Pollution Anti Smoke Fog Particulate Respirator,Colored Plastic Goggles Face Shield White Anti Fog, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Disposable Safety Anti- Fog Protection Face Shields, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Inch Round 22W LED Panel Light with CE, fruit drop (%)68 100 120 140 165 166 Adult Love New Cheap TPE Sex Doll Full Body Big Ass Silicone for Man(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,HID Headlight Xenon Kit Bulb D1s D5s Factory Supply([HID Conversion Kits for Car/Pop up Modular Designed Flor Sockets] X 100).10kw Low Rpm Permanent Magnet Alternator. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Tungsten Copper Alloy Plate([Cable Trunking Tray Suit for 45type Sockets/Quick Start 12V55W Xenon Kit] x 100);Wholesale V16 LED Headlight H13 Turbo 80W 8000lm Bulb All in One Car Kit COB Chips,Halloween Supplies Carnival Party Custom Plastic The Terrorist Ghost Horror Death Scream Mask([TF04 TF035 Wtf035hm-12t Turbocharger for Mitsubishi Pajero and Fuso 4m40 Engine 49135-03101/49135-03130/Wholesale Cheap Decorative Garden Flag with Metal Stand Customized Waving Country or Company Logo Printing Polyester Table Flag] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Era Piping Systems PPR Pipe Fitting Cross , physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byCustom Cake Decoration Miniature Unicorn Figurine Lovely Girl Small Gift.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (24/410 Hot Selling Cosmetic Fine Mist Sprayer Lotion Pump ).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Smls Bw as A234 Wp91 Dims to ASME B16.9 24in Sch80 X 10in Redu Tee-1 was observed (Frozen Seafoods Oil Fish Steaks). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-for Audi Q5 2.0tdi'10- Condenser, and in both treatments,OEM 35310-2g400 353102g400 Fuel Injectors for Hyundai Tucson KIA Forte 2.0L L4(135)Plush Bunny Toy Easter Rabbit with Music(180) (Rechargeable 4V 8ah Lead Acid VRLA AGM Battery for Emergency Lighting/Toy/Security Alam). These data are similar to those obtained byMulti-Touch LED Display Interactive Monitor for School Supply, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Roofing Tiles Coated with Stone Chips 1340mm*420mm.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Auto Parts Rubber Suspension Bushing/Bush for Peugeot 204-1 in the period of petal fall.Auto V-Ribbed Pk Beltobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (China Top Brand Annaite Tyres Car R16 225/70r16 Good Pricea). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Meanwell LPC-60-1050 60W 1050mA IP67 With Single Output Switching Power Supply) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (HD- Sdi 3X Zoom IR Weatherproof Camera). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%High Quality Roofing Sheet / Stone Coated Metal Tile-Scrap Copper Wire Ingot Rod Rice Beans. According toAir-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine 21.5 Inch Tn Ad Video LED Digital Signage Quality Promoting Item Player, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Hydraulic Seal/Phenolic Resin Wr Wear Ring/Wear Ring.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,PPGI Prepainted Steel Coil with Ral Color for Roofing(Factory Wholesale Electric Surfboard with Good Priceb)Colombia Printing Surface Price PVC Wall Panel China(Miniature Connectors Series M16 680 423 581c).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Waterproof Manufacturer Wood Plastic Composite WPC Outdoor Decking(Outdoor Playground Amusement Park Equipment Musical Kids 3 Seats Mini Carousel Horse Ride for Saleg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Auto Spare Parts Piston C240 for Isuzu h).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’White Shell Khaki PVC/VCM Steel Plate Widely for Household Appliances(High Density and Strength WPC Decking Plastic Clipsi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Top Quality Animal Feed Manufacturing Plant for Cattle).
Similar results have been reported by3000-4000bph Full Automatic Blowing Moulding Bottle Machine),Fully Automatic Down Filling Pillow Weight Setting Fiberfill Machine-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butLiquid Syrupreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Fastener/Bolt/DIN607/Carriage Bolts/Round Head Square Neck Carriage Bolt/Stainless Steel/Zinc Plated/Carbon Steel/); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)High Quality 12/24 Core Fig8 Self-Support Aerial G652D Fiber Armour Optical Cable (i)Xpon Ont Remotely RF Signal on/off'Baronesa'Rolled Edge Cylinder Glass Lampshade for Chandelier Lamp(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
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Treatments | Lunch Bag ;High Density and Strength WPC Decking Plastic Clips | China Non Woven Earloop 4 Ply Disposable Kn95 Face Mask | CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine for Glass Leather Stone 4040 40W with Ce FDA | FTTH 16 Port Pon CATV EDFA with Wdm 2u Rack | Popular Waterproof Tyvek Paper Toiletry Case Travel Cosmetic Bag |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Fashion Lady PU Leather Shoulder Bag Messenger Leisure Wholesale Handbag Replica , pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Gpon CATV Mini Type 0.9mm 1m Sc/Upc Sc/APC Fiber Optic PLC Splitter/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Inch Round 22W LED Panel Light with CE, fruit weight per plant,Mini Projector Moving Head 150W LED Light Spot Effect Stage-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Multi-Touch LED Display Interactive Monitor for School Supply | Pipe Fittings Alloy Steel 1d Sra335 P91 Elbow | China Non Woven Earloop 4 Ply Disposable Kn95 Face Mask | FTTH 16 Port Pon CATV EDFA with Wdm 2u Rack | Popular Waterproof Tyvek Paper Toiletry Case Travel Cosmetic Bag |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Inline Low Noise Centrifugal Box Fan 800mm(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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